Pakukhazikitsa magetsi kapena dongosolo lamagetsi lamagetsi a dongosolo lamakutu or dongosolo oyikira imagwirizanitsa magawo ena a unsembewo ndi mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi achitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Chomwe chikufotokozedwera ndi mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi, kapena zombo, pamwamba pa nyanja. Kusankha kwadongosolo lapansi kumatha kukhudza chitetezo ndi mawonekedwe amagetsi pamagetsi. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi amasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko komanso magawo osiyanasiyana amagetsi, ngakhale ambiri amatsatira malingaliro a International Electrotechnical Commission omwe afotokozedwa pansipa.

Nkhaniyi imangokhudza za magetsi. Zitsanzo zamakina ena am'makutu zimalembedwa pansipa ndi maulalo a zolemba:

• Kuti muteteze kapangidwe ka mphezi, kuwongolera mphezi kudzera munkati mwa ndodo komanso kulowera m'nthaka m'malo mongodutsa pamalowo.
• Monga gawo la waya wamiyeso imodzi yolumikizira magetsi ndi mizere yazizindikiro, monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito poperekera mphamvu yamagetsi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mizere ya telegraph.
• Mu wailesi, ngati ndege ya pansi pa antenna yayikulu ya monopole.
• Monga othandizira voliyumu yoyenera ya mitundu ina ya ma radio antennas, monga ma dipo.
• Monga momwe malo okhala akudyetserako nthaka amatulutsira wailesi ya VLF ndi wailesi ya ELF.

Zolinga zamagetsi amagetsi

Ndalama zotetezera

Ku UK "Earthing" ndikulumikizana kwa ziwonetsero zowonekera pokhazikitsa kudzera mwa otsogolera oteteza ku "main earthing terminal", yolumikizidwa ndi elekitirodi yolumikizana ndi dziko lapansi. A wochititsa woteteza (PE) (wodziwika kuti an zida kukhazikitsa wochititsa ku US National Electrical Code) imapewa kuwopsa kwamagetsi posunga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino azida zolumikizidwa pafupi ndi kuthekera kwapadziko lapansi. Pakakhala vuto, mpata umaloledwa kuyenda padziko lapansi ndi dongosolo lapansi. Ngati izi ndizochulukirapo chitetezo champhamvu cha fyuzi kapena chosokoneza dera chidzagwira ntchito, potero kuteteza dera ndikuchotsa zolakwika zilizonse zomwe zakhala zikuwonetsedwa. Kudulidwa kumeneku ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulumikiza kwa zingwe zamakono ndipo amatchedwa "Kusagwirizana Kwazinthu Zokha" (ADS). Kutalika kovomerezeka kovomerezeka pamipanda yolumikizana ndi nthaka komanso mawonekedwe azida zodzitetezera mopitilira muyeso amafotokozedwa mosamala m'malamulo achitetezo amagetsi kuti izi zitheke mwachangu komanso kuti kuwoloka kopitilira muyeso sikuchitika m'malo owopsa. Chitetezo ndiye ndikuchepetsa kukwera kwa magetsi ndi kutalika kwake.

Njira ina ndi chitetezo mwakuya - monga kulimbitsa kapena kutchinjiriza kawiri - pomwe zolephera zingapo zodziyimira payokha ziyenera kuchitika kuti ziwulule zowopsa.

Ntchito yogulira

A padziko lapansi ntchito kulumikizana kumakwaniritsa cholinga china kupatula chitetezo chamagetsi, ndipo zimatha kunyamula pakanthawi ngati magwiridwe antchito. Chitsanzo chofunikira kwambiri chogwirira ntchito padziko lapansi ndi kusalowerera kwampweya wamagetsi pomwe ndiwowongolera pano wolumikizidwa ndi ma electrode apadziko lapansi kumene kumachokera magetsi. Zitsanzo zina za zida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwapadziko lapansi zimaphatikizapo ma suppressor ophatikizira ndi mafayilo osokoneza ma elekitiroma.

Makina ocheperako

M'magawo ogawira otsika kwambiri, omwe amagawa mphamvu zamagetsi kwa gulu lonse la ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto, nkhawa yayikulu pakapangidwe kazinthu zachitetezo ndi chitetezo cha ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi ndikudzitchinjiriza kuzinthu zamagetsi. Dothi lapansi, kuphatikiza zida zotetezera monga mafyuzi ndi zida zotsalira zomwe zikuyenda, ziyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti munthu asakhudzane ndi chinthu chachitsulo chomwe kuthekera kwake kutengera komwe munthu angathe kupitirira malire "otetezeka", omwe amakhala pafupi Zamatsenga 50 V.

Pamagetsi amagetsi okhala ndi magetsi a 240 V mpaka 1.1 kV, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina opanga mafakitale / migodi / makina m'malo mofikira pagulu, mapangidwe adziko lapansi ndi ofunikanso pakuwunika kwachitetezo monga kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba.

M'mayiko otukuka kwambiri, mabatani 220 V, 230 V, kapena 240 V okhala ndi zokuyimbani adayambitsidwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike kapena itangotha, ngakhale panali kutchuka kwakudziko. Ku United States ndi Canada, malo ogulitsira magetsi okwana 120 V omwe adakhazikitsidwa zaka za m'ma 1960 zisanaphatikizidwe ndi pini (lapansi). M'mayiko omwe akutukuka, magwiridwe antchito a zingwe zakomweko sangapereke kulumikizana ndi chikhomo chodulira.

Pakakhala kuti palibe dziko lapansi, zida zomwe zimafunikira kulumikizidwa kwa dziko nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito kusalowerera ndale. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito ndodo zopatulira. Zipangizo zambiri za 110 V zapanga mapulagi kuti azitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa "mzere" ndi "osalowerera ndale", koma kugwiritsa ntchito kusalowererapo pazida zanthaka kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. "Mzere" ndi "kusalowerera ndale" mwina zimasinthidwa mwangozi mu malo ogulitsira kapena pulagi, kapena kulumikizana kosaloledwa ndi dziko lapansi kumatha kulephera kapena kuyikidwa molakwika. Ngakhale mafunde abwinobwino osalowerera ndale amatha kupanga madontho owopsa amagetsi. Pazifukwa izi, mayiko ambiri tsopano alamula kulumikizana kwodziteteza padziko lapansi komwe tsopano kuli pafupifupi konsekonse.

Ngati njira yolakwika pakati pazinthu zopangika mwangozi komanso kulumikizidwa kwa magetsiyo ikulephera, vuto lomwe lilipo lidzakhala lalikulupo kuti chipangizo chotchinjiriza kwambiri (fuse kapena wophwanya dera) chizitseguka kuti chitsegule cholakwika. Pomwe makina ogulira sapereka chida chotsitsa chowongolera pakati pa zida zogwirizira ndi zotumizira zobwezeretsedwera (monga mu njira ya TT yophatikizidwira), mafunde olakwika ndi ang'ono, ndipo sangagwiritse ntchito chida chodzitetezera mopitilira muyeso. Zikatero, chotsekemera chotsalira chimayikidwa kuti chizindikire kutuluka komwe kumachitika ndikusokoneza gawo.

Terminology IEC

IEC 60364 yapadziko lonse lapansi imasiyanitsa mabanja atatu omwe amapanga ndalama, pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo ziwiri TN, TTndipo IT.

Kalata yoyamba ikusonyeza kulumikizana komwe kulipo pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi (jenereta kapena chosinthira):

"T" - Kulumikiza mwachindunji kwa malo ndi nthaka (Latin: terra)

"Ine" - Palibe mfundo yolumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi (kupatula), kupatula ngati kudutsa kovuta.

Kalata yachiwiri ikuwunikira kulumikizana pakati pa dziko lapansi kapena netiweki ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chikuperekedwa:

"T" - Kulumikizidwa ndi nthaka ndikulumikizana kwachindunji ndi dziko lapansi (Latin: terra), nthawi zambiri kudzera pansi.

"N" - Kulumikizana kwapadziko lapansi kumaperekedwa ndi magetsi Network, kaya ngati wozungulira wotchinga lapansi (PE) wochititsa kapena wophatikizidwa ndi wochita nawo ndale.

Mitundu ya maukonde a TN

mu TN kanyumba kamakutu, imodzi mwa mfundo zomwe jenereta kapena chosinthira chimalumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri chimakhala nyenyezi mumakina atatu. Thupi lamagetsi limalumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi kudzera pa intaneti polumikiza. Dongosolo ili ndi muyezo wamakono wokhala ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi makamaka ku Europe.

Kondakitala yemwe amalumikiza zida zachitsulo zowonekera za oyika magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito dziko loteteza. Woyendetsa yemwe amalumikiza gawo la nyenyezi mumakina atatu, kapena yemwe amatenga kobwezeretsanso mu dongosolo limodzi, amatchedwa kulowerera ndale (N). Zitatu zosiyanasiyana za machitidwe a TN ndizodziwika:

TN − S

Pe ndi N ndizowongolera zosiyana zomwe zimalumikizidwa limodzi pafupi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.

TN − C

Wotsogolera wa PEN wophatikizira amakwaniritsa ntchito za Pe ndi wochititsa N. (pamakina a 230 / 400v omwe amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zogawa)

TN − C − S

Gawo limodzi la pulogalamuyi limagwiritsa ntchito opanga PEN, omwe nthawi ina amagawika mzere umodzi wa PE ndi N. Wophatikiza wa PEN wophatikizidwayo nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa cholowetsedwacho ndi cholowera kulowa mnyumbayo, ndipo nthaka komanso yosalowerera ndale zimalekanitsidwa pamutu wothandizira. Ku UK, dongosololi limadziwikanso kuti zotchinga zingapo, chifukwa chogwirizanitsa makina ophatikizira osayanjika-ndi-lapansi ku dziko lenileni m'malo ambiri, kuti muchepetse ngozi yakugwedezeka pamagetsi pomwe wochititsa PEN wasweka. Makina ofanana ku Australia ndi New Zealand amasankhidwa kuti angapo osagwirizana nawo (MEN) ndi, ku North America, osatenga mbali konse (MGN).

Ndikotheka kukhala ndi zinthu zonse za TN-S ndi TN-CS zochotsedwa pa chosinthira chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, zidutswa za zingwe zina zapansi panthaka zimawononga ndikusiya kuyika maulalo abwino padziko lapansi, motero nyumba zomwe zimapezeka zolimba "nthaka zoyipa" zitha kusinthidwa kukhala TN-CS. Izi ndizotheka pamaneti pomwe osalowerera ndale ali olimba motsutsana ndi kulephera, ndipo kutembenuka sikotheka nthawi zonse. PEN iyenera kukhala yoyenera kulimbikitsidwa polephera kulephera, popeza dera lotseguka la PEN limatha kusangalatsa gawo lamagetsi pazitsulo zilizonse zowonekera zolumikizidwa ndi makina omwe ali kumapeto kwa nthawi yopumira. Njira ina ndikupereka dziko lapansi ndikusintha kukhala TT. Chokopa chachikulu cha netiweki ya TN ndi njira yotsika kwambiri ya impedance padziko lapansi yomwe imalola kuti zitheke mosavuta (ADS) pamadongosolo aposachedwa kwambiri pakakhala gawo lalifupi la mzere-to-PE momwe breaker kapena fuse yomweyi imagwirira ntchito LN kapena L -IP zolakwika, ndipo RCD siyofunika kuti tione zolakwika zapadziko lapansi.

TT maukonde

mu TT (Terra-Terra) makina ochezera padziko lapansi, kulumikizana kwapadziko lapansi kwa ogula kumaperekedwa ndi ma elekitirodi apadziko lapansi, (omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa kulumikizana kwa Terra-Firma) ndipo palinso china choyimitsidwa pa jenereta. Palibe 'waya wapadziko lapansi' pakati pa ziwirizi. Vuto lazolakwitsa limakhala lokwera, ndipo pokhapokha ngati ma elekitirodi osakwanira ali otsika kwambiri, kuyika kwa TT kuyenera kukhala ndi RCD (GFCI) ngati woyamba kudzipatula.

Ubwino wawukulu wa dongosolo la TT lapansi ndikuchepetsa kusokonekera kochokera kuzida zina za ogwiritsa ntchito. TT nthawi zonse imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kwapadera ngati tsamba lamtokoma lomwe limapindula ndi kulowererapo kosasokonezedwa. Komanso, maukonde a TT samayika pachiwopsezo chilichonse ngati sangatenge mbali. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo omwe mphamvu imagawidwa pamwamba, oyendetsa dziko lapansi sakhala pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi moyo ngati wowongolera wamkulu aliyense ataphwanyidwa ndi, titi, mtengo kapena nthambi yomwe idagwa.

Munthawi ya RCD chisanachitike, njira ya TT yopangira matayala inali yosafunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponse ponse chifukwa chovuta kukonzekera njira yodalirika yodzigwetsera yokha (ADS) potengera gawo lalifupi (poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a TN, pomwe wophulika yemweyo kapena fuse idzagwira zolakwika za LN kapena L-PE). Koma ngati zida zotsalira zomwe zikuchepetsa vuto ili, makina oyendetsa makina a TT tsopano ali okongola kwambiri kupatula mabungwe onse amagetsi a AC atetezedwa ndi RCD. M'mayiko ena (monga ku UK) ndikulimbikitsidwa malo omwe malo ochepetsetsa osavomerezeka sangathe kupitilizidwa, pomwe pali kulumikizana kwakunja, monga kupezeka kunyumba zogona mafoni ndi zoikika zina zanyumba, kapena ngati vuto lalikulu kwambiri zimatha kubweretsa zoopsa zina, monga m'malo opezeka mafuta kapena ma marinas.

Dongosolo lonyamula katundu la TT limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan konse, komwe kuli ma RCD mayunitsi m'malo ambiri ogulitsa. Izi zitha kupangitsa chiwonjezerochi kuwonjezeranso pamagetsi osinthasintha komanso magetsi osinthika omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mafayilo ochulukirapo opititsa phokoso lalitali kwambiri kwa wochititsayo.

Intaneti

mu IT network, kayendedwe kazamagetsi sikulumikizana ndi dziko lapansi, kapena kungolumikizana kwambiri.

kuyerekezera

Matchulidwe ena

Ngakhale malamulo oyendetsera nyumba kumayiko ambiri akutsatira mawu amtundu wa IEC 60364, ku North America (United States ndi Canada), mawu oti "conductor grounding conductor" amatanthauza zida zamagetsi ndi mawaya apansi pama circuits a nthambi, ndi "grounding electrode conductor" imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi ndodo yapadziko lapansi (kapena yofananira) ndi gulu lantchito. "Woyendetsa wokhazikika" ndiye "wosalowerera ndale". Miyezo yaku Australia ndi New Zealand imagwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthika ya PME yotchedwa Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). Zomwe sizilowerera ndale ndizokhazikika (pamalo) pamalo aliwonse ogwiritsira ntchito ogula motero zimabweretsa kusiyanasiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa mizere yonse ya LV. Ku UK ndi mayiko ena a Commonwealth, mawu oti "PNE", kutanthauza kuti Phase-Neutral-Earth amagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kuti ma conductor atatu (kapena kupitilira kulumikizana kosagwirizana gawo) amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, PN-S.

Kukaniza kosagwirizana ndi ndale (India)

Mofananamo ndi njira ya HT, dongosolo la kukana lapansi limayambitsidwanso migodi ku India malinga ndi Central Electricity Authority Regulations ya LT system (1100 V> LT> 230 V). M'malo mwamalo olimba a nyenyezi osalowerera ndale, kukana kulowererapo koyenera (NGR) kumawonjezedwa pakati, kuletsa kutayikira kwapansi mpaka 750 mA. Chifukwa chakuletsa kwaposachedwa ndikotetezeka kwambiri kumigodi ya gassy.

Popeza kutayikira kwapansi kuli koletsedwa, chitetezo chodumphadumpha chimakhala ndi malire okwanira ma 750 mA okha. Mu dothi lolimba lomwe limatuluka pakadali pano likhoza kupita kufupi ndi dera lalifupi, apa limangolekezera mpaka 750 mA. Izi zolepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito pakadali pano zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito achitetezo chazotulutsa zotumizira. Kufunika kwa chitetezo choyenera komanso chodalirika kwawonjezeka pachitetezo, motsutsana ndi kugwedezeka kwamagetsi m'migodi.

Munthawi imeneyi pamakhala mwayi woti kukana kulumikizidwe kutseguke. Kupewa chitetezo chowonjezerachi kuti chikuyang'ane kukana kumayikidwa, komwe kumatulutsa mphamvu pakavulala.

Kuteteza kwa dziko lapansi

Kutayikira kwapadziko lapansi kwapano kumatha kukhala kowopsa kwa anthu, ngati kungadutse mwa iwo. Pofuna kupewa kugwedezeka mwangozi ndi zida zamagetsi / zida zamagetsi zodumphira padziko lapansi / zotchinga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira kuti zizipeza mphamvu zikawonongeka zikadutsa malire. Dothi lotayikira dera limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga. Wowonongeka wamakono amatchedwa RCB / RCCB. Pakugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, ma Earth leakage relays amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi CT yosiyana (yotembenuza pakali pano) yotchedwa CBCT (pachimake chosinthira chosinthira) chomwe chimazindikira kutayikira kwaposachedwa (zero gawo sequence current) kwadongosolo kudzera mu sekondale la CBCT ndipo izi zimagwira ntchito yolandirana. Chitetezo ichi chimagwira ntchito pamamililita-Amps osiyanasiyana ndipo chitha kukhazikitsidwa kuyambira 30 mA mpaka 3000 mA.

Pulogalamu yolumikizira dziko lapansi

Choyendetsa china chosiyana ndi choyendetsa chimayendetsa kuchokera kumagawa / zida zamagetsi kuphatikiza maziko apadziko lapansi. Pulogalamu yolumikizira dziko lapansi imakhazikika kumapeto komwe kumayang'aniridwa mosalekeza kulumikizana kwa dziko lapansi. Makina oyendetsa ndege amachokera pachida ichi ndipo amayendetsa njira yolumikiza yomwe nthawi zambiri imapereka mphamvu kumakina amigodi (LHD). Phatimiyi ikalumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi kumapeto kwa diode Circuit, yomwe imamaliza gawo lamagetsi loyambitsidwa kuchokera pa cheke. Ntchito yolumikizana ndi galimoto ikasweka, gawo loyendetsa ndegelo limasokonekera, chida chotetezera chomwe chimayambitsa mphamvu ndikutha, ndikulekanitsa mphamvu zama makina. Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wofunikira pamagetsi ogwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu ogwiritsa ntchito pansi pa migodi.

Zida

Cost

• Ma Network a TN amasunga mtengo wolumikizidwa wapansi pa intaneti pamalo ogula aliyense. Kulumikizidwa koteroko (kapangidwe kazitsulo) kamayenera kuperekedwa dziko loteteza m'machitidwe a IT ndi TT.
• Ma Network a TN-C amasunga mtengo wowongolera owonjezera omwe amafunikira kuti athe kulumikizidwa mosiyana N ndi PE. Komabe, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha kusaloledwa kwamtundu uliwonse, mitundu yapadera ya chingwe ndikulumikizana kwakukulu padziko lapansi ndizofunikira.
• Ma TT ma network amafuna chitetezo choyenera cha RCD (Ground cholakwika).

Safety

• Mu TN, cholakwika cha insulation chitha kubweretsa gawo lalifupi kwambiri lomwe lingapangitse wophulika kapena wophulitsa ndi kusiya ma conductor a L. Ndi machitidwe a TT, Earth loop impedance ikhoza kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri kuti izi zitha kuchita izi, kapena kukwera kwambiri kuti izi zitheke panthawi yofunikira, kotero RCD (kale ELCB) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa TT kumatha kusowa chofunikira pa chitetezo ichi, kulola CPC (Circuit Protential Conductor kapena PE) komanso mwina zogwirizananso ndi zitsulo zomwe zimafikiridwa ndi anthu (ziwonetsero zothandizila komanso zopanga ziwalo) zothandizidwa kwakanthawi kovuta mikhalidwe, yomwe ndi ngozi yeniyeni.
• M'machitidwe a TN-S ndi TT (komanso mu TN-CS kupitirira gawo logawika), chida chotsalira-chamakono chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo chowonjezera. Palibe vuto lililonse logulitsira inshuwaransi, equation I_L1+I_L2+I_L3+I_N = 0 imagwira, ndipo RCD imatha kusiya kulumikizana ikangofika kumene (10 mA - 500 mA). Kulakwitsa pakati pa L kapena N ndi PE kumayambitsa RCD ndi mwayi waukulu.
• Mumawebusayiti a IT ndi TN-C, zida zotsalira ndizochepa kwambiri zomwe sizingatheke kudziwa cholakwika. Munthawi ya TN-C, amathanso kukhala pachiwopsezo chosagwirizana ndi oyendetsa pakati pa magulu ozungulira pama RCD osiyanasiyana kapena malo enieni, motero kutha kugwiritsa ntchito kukhala kosatheka. Komanso, ma RCDs nthawi zambiri amadzipatula pakati. Popeza sizowopsa kuchita izi mu TN-C system, ma RCD pa TN-C amayenera kuwotchera waya kuti angosokoneza wozungulira mzere.
• M'magulu omaliza amodzi omwe Earth ndi ndale zimaphatikizidwa (TN-C, ndi gawo la machitidwe a TN-CS omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chophatikizika komanso gawo lapadziko lapansi), ngati pali vuto lolumikizana ndi Wotsogolera wa PEN, ndiye kuti magawo onse amakutu am'makutu kupitirira nthawi yopuma adzakweza kuthekera kwa woperekera L. Munjira yosasinthasintha yazigawo zambiri, njira yamakutu yopangira ndalamayo imayenda kulowera kwa wolemetsa yemwe amadzaza kwambiri. Kukwera kotereku kuthekera kwa kusalowerera ndale kupitilira nthawi yopuma kumadziwika kuti a kusalowerera ndale. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa TN-C sikuyenera kudutsa ma plug / socket yolumikizira kapena zingwe zosunthika, pomwe pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwamavuto olumikizana kuposa ndi waya wokhazikika. Palinso chiwopsezo ngati chingwe chitawonongeka, chomwe chitha kuchepetsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina amkati okhala ndi maelekitirodi angapo apadziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha zoopsa (zazing'ono) za ntchito yosungunuka yosalowerera ndale yomwe idakonzedwa kuti ikhale yowopsa, kuphatikiza chiwopsezo chowonjezeka kuchokera kufupi ndi kulumikizana bwino ndi dziko lowona, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za TN-CS ndikoletsedwa ku UK chifukwa malo apaulendo ndi gombe kumabwato, komanso okhumudwitsidwa kwambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafamu ndi malo omangako panja, ndipo ngati izi zikulimbikitsidwa kupanga zingwe zonse zakunja TT ndi RCD ndi ma elekitirodi apadziko lapansi.
• M'magulu a IT, cholakwika chimodzi chokhazikitsidwa sichingayambitse mafunde owopsa kuyenda mthupi la munthu polumikizana ndi dziko lapansi, chifukwa mulibe malire oletsa kutsika komwe kulibe. Komabe, cholakwika choyamba cha kutchinjiriza chimatha kusintha dongosolo la IT kukhala pulogalamu ya TN, kenako cholakwika chachiwiri cha inshuwaransi chingayambitse mafunde owopsa a thupi. Choyipa chachikulu, mu dongosolo la magawo angapo, ngati imodzi mwa opanga ma mzereyo ikalumikizana ndi dziko lapansi, izi zitha kupangitsa gawo linanso la macores kukwera pamagawo a gawo lamagetsi oyandikira dziko lapansi kuposa gawo lamagetsi. Makina a IT amakumananso ndi nthawi yayitali kuposa njira zina.
• M'machitidwe a TN-C ndi TN-CS, kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa mbali zosakanikirana ndi dziko lapansi kumatha kutha kukhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri munthawi yovomerezeka, ndipo kumatha kunyamula zochulukira kwambiri munthawi yovuta. Chifukwa chake, otsogolera ophatikiza oyanjana kwambiri ayenera kukhala olingana ndi izi m'malingaliro; Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa TN-CS sikungawoneke mwanjira zina monga malo opangira mafuta, komwe kumakhala kuphatikiza pazinthu zambiri zachitsulo ndi mipweya yophulika.

Kutengera kwa magetsi

• M'machitidwe a TN-S ndi TT, wogula amakhala ndi cholumikizira chapansi padziko lapansi, chomwe sichikhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imawoneka pa N conductor chifukwa cha mafunde obwerera komanso kuvuta kwa wochititsa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya zida zamatelefoni ndi zida zoyezera.
• M'machitidwe a TT, ogula aliwonse amalumikizana ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo sazindikira mafunde aliwonse omwe angayambike chifukwa cha ogula ena pamzere wapa PE.

Malamulo

• Ku United States National Electrical Code ndi Canada Electrical Code chakudya chomwe chimachokera ku chosinthira chimagwiritsa ntchito kondakitala wosaloŵerera m'ndende, koma mkati mwa kapangidwe kake amagwiritsanso ntchito otsogolera (TN-CS). Zomwe sizilowerera ndale ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi kokha mbali yosinthira kasitomala yodula.
• KuArgentina, France (TT) ndi Australia (TN-CS), makasitomala ayenera kupatsirana kulumikizana kwawo.
• Japan imayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la PSE, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito TT m'makonzedwe ambiri.
• Ku Australia, makina opangira ndalama za Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo akufotokozedwa mu gawo 5 la AS 3000. Kwa kasitomala wa LV, ndi njira ya TN-C kuyambira chosinthira mumsewu kupita ku malo, (osalowerera ndale adakumana kangapo pagawo ili), ndi makina a TN-S mkati mwa kukhazikitsa, kuchokera ku Main switchchboard chotsika. Amayang'ana kwathunthu, ndi TN-CS system.
• Ku Denmark malamulo okwera mphamvu kwambiri (Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen) ndi Malaysia the Electricity Ordinance 1994 akuti ogula onse ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za TT, ngakhale kawirikawiri TN-CS imaloledwa (kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanananso ndi United States). Malamulo ndiosiyana pankhani zamakampani akuluakulu.
• Ku India molingana ndi Malamulo a Central Electricity Authority, CEAR, 2010, lamulo 41, pali gawo loyikira pansi, waya wopanda mbali wa gawo la 3, waya wa 4 ndi waya wachitatu wina wa 2-phase, 3-waya system. Earthing iyenera kuchitidwa ndi maulalo awiri osiyana. Kukhazikitsa pansi kumayeneranso kukhala ndi maenje osachepera awiri kapena kupitilira apo (maelekitirodi) kotero kuti kumakhazikika pansi kumachitika. Malinga ndi lamulo la 42, kukhazikitsa ndi katundu wokwera pamwamba pa 5 kW yopitilira 250 V kudzakhala ndi chida choteteza kutayikira kwa Earth kuti chidziwitse katundu ngati pangakhale vuto lapansi kapena kutayikira.

Zitsanzo zogwiritsira ntchito

• M'madera aku UK komwe pansi pake pali magetsi ambiri, njira ya TN-S ndiyofala.
• Ku India LT kupezeka nthawi zambiri kudzera mu TN-S system. Chosavomerezeka chimakhazikitsidwa pawiri pakugulitsa chosintha. Zosavomerezeka ndi dziko lapansi zimayendayenda mosiyanasiyana pamiyala / zingwe zakugawana. Wotsogola wopanga ma waya wopitilira mutu ndi kuwongolera zingwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira dziko lapansi. Ma electrodes / maenje owonjezera padziko lapansi aikidwa pazigawo za ogwiritsa ntchito zolimbitsa dziko lapansi.
• Nyumba zambiri zamakono ku Europe zili ndi dongosolo la TN-CS lokwezera nthaka. Kuphatikizika kophatikizana ndi dziko lapansi kumachitika pakati pa chosinthira chapafupi kwambiri ndi ntchito yodula (lama fuyusi pamaso pa mita). Pambuyo pake, magawano apadziko lapansi osagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zonse zamkati.
• Nyumba zachikale zakumatauni komanso kumatauni ku UK nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zogulitsa za TN-S, pomwe kulumikizidwa kwa dziko lapansi kudzera mchitseko cha chingwe chotsogolera ndi pepala.
• Nyumba zachikulire ku Norway zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ya IT pomwe nyumba zatsopano zimagwiritsa ntchito TN-CS.
• Nyumba zina zachikulire, makamaka zomangidwa asanapangire zophwanya zotsalira ndi zomangira zapaintaneti, amagwiritsa ntchito TN-C. Izi sizikulimbikitsidwanso.
• Zipinda zantchito, malo azachipatala, malo omangira, malo okonzera, malo ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, ndi malo ena omwe amaperekedwa kudzera pamajini opangira injini pomwe pamakhala chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cholakwa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la IT lomwe limaperekedwa kuchokera kwa osinthira ena. Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta ziwiri ndi machitidwe a IT, osinthitsa odzipatulira ayenera kudzipereka ochepa okha ndipo ayenera kutetezedwa ndi chipangizo chowunikira (makamaka chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zamankhwala, njanji kapena zida za IT, chifukwa cha mtengo).
• M'madera akutali, komwe mtengo wa wowonjezera wa PE owonjezera mtengo wolumikizira dziko lapansi, ma TT amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ena, makamaka m'malo okalamba kapena kumidzi, komwe chitetezo chingasokonekere chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa Pamutu pe wochititsa, tero, nthambi yakugwa. Kupereka kwa TT kumagulu amodzi kumawonekeranso machitidwe ambiri a TN-CS pomwe nyumba ya munthu imawonedwa kuti ndi yosayenera kugulitsa kwa TN-CS.
• Ku Australia, New Zealand ndi Israel dongosolo la TN-CS likugwiritsidwa ntchito; Komabe, malamulo a zingwe akuti pakadali pano, kasitomala aliyense ayenera kulumikizana ndi dziko lapansi kudzera pa cholumikizira chitoliro chamadzi (ngati mapaipi amadzi achitsulo alowa m'malo ogula) ndi ma elekitirodi apadziko lapansi odzipereka. Ku Australia ndi New Zealand izi zimatchedwa Multiple Earthed Neutral Link kapena MEN Link. Izi MEN Link zimachotsedwa pakuyesa kuyesa, koma zimalumikizidwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yotseka (ma locknuts mwachitsanzo) kapena zomangira ziwiri kapena zingapo. M'dongosolo la MEN, kukhulupirika kwa Neutral ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ku Australia, makhazikitsidwe atsopano ayeneranso kulumikiza maziko a konkriti pansi pazinyontho kwa woyendetsa dziko lapansi (AS3000), omwe amachulukitsa kukula kwa nthaka, ndipo amapereka ndege yamphamvu m'malo monga mabafa. M'makonzedwe akale, si zachilendo kupeza chokhachokha chapaipi yamadzi, ndipo chimaloledwa kukhalabe choncho, koma maelekitirodi owonjezera adziko lapansi ayenera kukhazikitsidwa ngati ntchito iliyonse yosintha yachitika. Ma Earth otetezera komanso owongolera osalowererapo amaphatikizidwa mpaka pomwe cholumikizira chosagwiritsa ntchito cha ogula (chomwe chili mbali yamakasitomala olumikizirana ndi magetsi) - kupitirira apa, dziko loteteza komanso otsogolera osalowererapo ndi osiyana.

Makina apamwamba kwambiri

M'malo opangira ma voliyumu apamwamba (pamwamba pa 1 kV), omwe anthu ambiri sangawafikire, chidwi cha kapangidwe kake ka nthaka sichingatetezedwe komanso kudalirika kopezeka, kudalirika kwa chitetezo, komanso kukhudza zida zake pamaso pa dera lalifupi. Kukula kokha kwa maseketi apakatikati apansi-pansi, omwe ndiofala kwambiri, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusankha kwa dongosolo la nthaka, popeza njira yomwe ili pano imatsekedwa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Magawo atatu osinthira magetsi a HV / MV, omwe amapezeka m'malo ogawira, ndiwo gwero lofala kwambiri logawa ma netiweki, ndipo mtundu wazomwe salowerera ndale zawo zimakhazikitsa dongosolo lokwezera nthaka.

Pali mitundu isanu yopanda ndale:

• Osasunthidwa m'ndale
• Osayambitsa kulowerera
• Kukana-kuphatikizidwa
  • Chovala chotsutsa pang'ono
  • Chovala chotsutsa kwambiri
• Reactance-adalowerera ndale
• Gwiritsani ntchito zida zopangira ndalama (monga Zigzag chosinthira)

Osasunthidwa m'ndale

In olimba or mwachindunji chosalowerera ndale, chosinthira nyenyezi pomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi nthaka. Poyankha izi, njira yotsika kwambiri imaperekedwa kuti vuto la nthaka litseke ndipo, chifukwa chake, kukula kwawo kukufanana ndi mafunde azigawo zitatu. Popeza kulowerera ndale kumatsala pang'ono kutha pansi, magawo omwe sanakhudzidwe amakhalabe ofanana ndi omwe analakwitsa kale; Pachifukwachi, dongosololi limagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pamaukadaulo othamangitsa kwambiri, komwe mitengo yotchingira imakhala yokwera.

Kukana-kuphatikizidwa

Kuchepetsa kuchepa kwapafupipafupi kwapadziko lapansi kuwonjezeranso kwina kukana kutsutsana (NGR) kumawonjezeredwa pakati pa ndale, mbali ya nyenyezi yosinthira ndi nthaka.

Chovala chotsutsa pang'ono

Ndi otsika cholakwika cholakwika panopa malire ndi okwera. Ku India amaletsa ma 50 A kuti akapezeke ma bomba apamwamba malinga ndi malamulo a Central Electricity Authority RegEC, CEAR, 2010, 100.

Osayambitsa kulowerera

In anafukula, osungulumwa or osayandama dongosolo, monga mu IT dongosolo, kulibe kulumikizana mwachindunji kwa nyenyezi (kapena mfundo ina muukonde) ndi nthaka. Zotsatira zake, mafunde olakwika oyenda pansi alibe njira yoti atsekeredwe motero amakhala ndi zovuta zochuluka. Komabe, pakadali pano, zolakwika sizingafanane ndi zero: otsogolera oyendayenda - makamaka mabatani apansi panthaka - ali ndi kuthekera kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi, lomwe limapereka njira yotsekereza kwambiri.

Makina osalowerera ndale amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito ndikupereka zosasokonezeka ngakhale pali cholakwika.

Kupezeka kwa vuto losasokonezedwa pansi kumatha kubweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu pachitetezo: ngati magetsi apitilira 4 A - 5 A arc yamagetsi ikukula, yomwe imatha kupitilirabe ngakhale vuto litakonzedwa. Pachifukwachi, makamaka amangokhala ndi ma network apansi panthaka ndi m'madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, komwe kudalirika kumafunikira kwambiri ndipo mwayi wokhudzana ndi anthu ndi wotsika. M'magawo ogawira m'matawuni omwe amapereka ma feed angapo mobisa, mphamvu yama capacitive imatha kufikira ma amperes angapo, zomwe zingabweretse chiopsezo ku zida.

Phindu lokhala ndi vuto lochepa pakadali pano komanso kupitiliza kwa dongosolo pambuyo pake limathetseka ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo omwe akulakwitsa asazindikire.