Kupweteka
Kupaka jekeseni (jakisoni pakuumba ku USA) ndi ntchito yopanga mbali mwa kubayira zinthu mu nkhungu. Kupukuta kwa jakisoni kumatha kuchitika ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zitsulo, (zomwe njirayi imatchedwa diecasting), magalasi, elastomers, confsoci, komanso ma polima a thermoplastic komanso thermosetting. Chida cha gawoyo chimadyetsedwa mbiya yamoto, yosakanikirana, ndikukakamizidwa kumapangira kolowera, komwe imazizira ndikulimbikira kuti kasinthidwe kazikhala. Pakapangidwa chinthu, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopangidwa ndi mafakitale kapena Injiniya, nkhungu zimapangidwa ndi wopanga (kapena wopanga zida) kuchokera kuzitsulo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachitsulo kapena zotayidwa, ndipo zimapangidwa mwaluso kuti apange mawonekedwe a gawo lomwe mukufuna. Kuumba jakisoni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pazigawo zazing'ono kwambiri mpaka pagalimoto yathunthu. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa 3D, pogwiritsa ntchito ma photopolymers omwe samasungunuka panthawi yopanga jekeseni wa kutentha pang'ono kwa thermoplastics, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zosavuta.
Zina zomwe ziyenera kubayidwa ziyenera kupangidwa mwaluso kwambiri kuti zithandizire pakuumbika; Zinthu zomwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito gawo, zomwe mukufuna ndi mawonekedwe a gawo, zinthu zoumbika, komanso zinthu za makina oumba ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa mapangidwe a jakisoni kumathandizidwa ndi kupendekera kwa kulingalira kwa kapangidwe ndi kuthekera.
Mapulogalamu
Kupukuta kwa jekeseni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri monga ma waya okumba, CD, zipewa zamabotolo, magalimoto ndi magawo ena, ma Gameboys, zisa zamthumba, zida zina za nyimbo (ndi zina mwa izo), mipando imodzi ndi matebulo ang'onoang'ono, zotengera zosungirako, magawo opangira (kuphatikizapo magiya), ndi zinthu zina zambiri zapulasitiki zomwe zilipo masiku ano. Kupukuta kwa jakisoni ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yamakono yopangira mapulasitiki; ndikofunikira kutulutsa mavoliyumu azinthu zofananira.
Makhalidwe
Wokumba jakisoni amagwiritsa ntchito nkhosa kapena nkhosa yopanga kuti ikakamize pulasitiki zakuthupi muchimbudzi cha nkhungu; izi zimakhazikika mu mawonekedwe omwe agwirizana ndi mkombero wa nkhungu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza ma polima a thermoplastic ndi thermosetting, ndimphamvu yomwe kale imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Thermoplastics imapezeka chifukwa chamakhalidwe omwe amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kwambiri kuwumba jakisoni, monga kupumula komwe angagwiritsidwenso ntchito, kusinthasintha kwawo komwe kumawalola kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso kuthekera kwawo kuzizira ndi kutenthetsera kutentha. Thermoplastics imakhalanso ndi chitetezo pamagalimoto; ngati polima wosungunuka sanatulutsidwe m'mbiya ya jekeseni munthawi yake, kulumikiza kwamankhwala kumatha kuchitika ndikumawombera ma valve kuti awononge ndikuwononga makina opangira jekeseni.
Jekeseni akamaumba imakhala ndi jekeseni kuthamanga kwa zopangira mu nkhungu yomwe imapanga polima momwe amafunira. Nkhungu zimatha kukhala zazing'ono kapena zingapo. Mu nkhungu zingapo zam'mimbamo, gawo lililonse limatha kukhala lofanana ndikupanga magawo omwewo kapena limatha kukhala lapadera ndikupanga ma geometri osiyanasiyana munthawi imodzi. Nkhungu nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzipangizo zamagetsi, koma zida zosapanga dzimbiri komanso zotayidwa ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Zotengera za Aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri sizoyenera kupanga voliyumu yayikulu kapena magawo okhala ndi kulolerana kocheperako, popeza ali ndi zida zotsika ndipo amakonda kuvala, kuwonongeka, ndi mapindikidwe munthawi ya jekeseni ndi kupindika; komabe, zotayidwa za aluminiyamu ndizotsika mtengo pakugwiritsa ntchito voliyumu, popeza ndalama zopangira nkhungu ndi nthawi zimachepa kwambiri. Zipangizo zambiri zachitsulo zimapangidwa kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito magawo opitilila miliyoni m'nthawi ya moyo wawo ndipo zitha kulipira madola masauzande ambiri kuti zipangidwe.
Liti thermoplastics Amawumbidwa, omwe amawapangira zinthu zopyapyala amadyetsedwa kudzera mu hopper kukhala mbiya yotenthetsa ndi wononga wobwezeretsanso. Pofika pakhomo pa mbiya kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo mphamvu za Van der Waals zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mayendedwe amtundu wina zimafooka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira pakati pama mamolekyulu m'malo otentha kwambiri. Izi zimachepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe kake, komwe kumathandizira polima kuyendetsa ndi gulu loyendetsa la jakisoni. Chowotcheracho chimapereka zopangirazo patsogolo, zimasakanikirana ndikuwonetsa magawikidwe a matenthedwe ndi ma viscous, ndikuchepetsa nthawi yotenthetsera pakameta ubweyawo ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwakanthawi kochulukirapo. Zinthuzo zimapitilira kutsogolo kudzera pa valavu ndipo imazisonkhanitsa kutsogolo kwa kagwere kukhala voliyumu yotchedwa a kuwomberedwa. Kuwombera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza nkhungu, kubwezera kuwonongeka, ndikupatsanso khushoni (pafupifupi 10% ya voliyumu yonse, yomwe imatsalira mumtsuko ndipo imalepheretsa kutsekemera kuti kutulukire) kuchokera kagwere mpaka nkhungu. Pakakhala zinthu zokwanira, zinthuzo zimakakamizidwa kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwa gawolo. Pofuna kupewa ma spikes pamavuto, njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito malo osunthira ofanana ndi 95-98% ya patsekeke pomwe siketiyo imasunthira kuchoka ku liwiro lanthawi zonse kupita pakulamulira kosalekeza. Nthawi zambiri jakisoni amakhala osakwana sekondi imodzi. Chowotcha chikafika posinthira kuthamanga kwazitsulo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumamaliza kudzaza nkhungu ndikulipirira kutenthedwa kwamatenthedwe, komwe kumakhala kofunika kwambiri kwa ma thermoplastics okhudzana ndi zida zina zambiri. Kupanikizika kwa kulongedza kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka chipata (khomo lolowera) chilimba. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, chipatacho nthawi zambiri chimakhala malo oyamba okhazikika ndikulimba konsekonse. Chipata chikakhazikika, sipangakhalenso zinthu zina zomwe zingalowe m'mimbamo; moyenera, chowomberacho chimabwezeretsanso ndikupeza zinthu zofananira pambuyo pake pomwe zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa nkhungu zimazizira kuti zizitha kutulutsidwa ndikukhala okhazikika. Nthawi yozizira iyi imachepetsedwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yozizira yoyenda madzi kapena mafuta kuchokera kwa wotentha wakunja. Kutentha kofunikira kukakwaniritsidwa, nkhunguyo imatseguka ndipo zikhomo zingapo, manja, zopota, ndi zina zambiri zimayendetsedwa patsogolo kuti ziwononge nkhaniyi. Kenako, nkhunguyo imatseka ndipo ntchitoyo imabwerezedwa.
Kwa ma thermosets, mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala imalowa mu mbiya. Izi zimayamba nthawi yomweyo kusintha kosiyanasiyana komwe kumapangitsa kuti ma cell apange mgwirizano umodzi wa mamolekyulu. Momwe mankhwala amachitikira, ziwalo ziwiri izi zimasinthiratu ndikukhala olimba. Kukhazikika mu mbiya ndi jekeseni kumatha kukhala kwamavuto ndikukhala ndi zovuta zachuma; Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa kuchiritsa kwa thermoset mkati mwa mbiya ndikofunikira. Izi zimatanthawuza kuti nthawi yokhalamo komanso kutentha kwa omwe amatsogolera mankhwala amachepetsedwa mu jakisoni. Nthawi yokhalamo ikhoza kuchepetsedwa pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbiya komanso kukulitsa nthawi yazoyenda. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito jakisoni wozizira, wozizira womwe umalowetsa mankhwalawo mu nkhungu yotentha yotentha, yomwe imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwamankhwala ndikubweretsa nthawi yayifupi yofunikira kukwaniritsa cholimba cha thermoset. Gawolo likakhazikika, mavavu omwe amayandikana ndi jakisoni ndi zotsogola zamankhwala, ndipo nkhunguyo imatseguka kuti ichotse magawo omwe aumbidwa. Kenako, nkhunguyo imatseka ndikubwereza.
Zomwe zimapangidwa kale kapena zopangidwa ndi zida zimatha kuyikika mu khomo pomwe nkhunguyo imatsegulidwa, kulola kuti zinthuzo zomwe zikupangika munthawi yotsatira zipange ndikulimba mozungulira iwo. Njirayi imadziwika kuti Ikani kuumba ndipo amalola gawo limodzi kukhala ndi zida zingapo. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo za pulasitiki zokhala ndi zomangira zachitsulo, kuzilola kuti zizimangiriza komanso kusakhazikika mobwerezabwereza. Njirayi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito polemba zilembo za In-mold ndi mafinya akumaloko ikhoza kuphatikizidwanso muzotengera zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki.
Mzere wopatukana, sprue, zitseko, ndi ma ejector pini nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumapeto. Palibe chimodzi mwazinthuzi zomwe zimafunikira, koma sizingapeweke chifukwa cha njirayi. Zolemba za pachipata zimachitika pachipata chomwe chimalumikizana ndi njira zosungunulira (sprue ndi wothamanga) kupita ku gawo lopanga mphako. Mzere wogawanika ndi ma pini a ejector zimachokera pakulakwitsa kwamphindi, kuvala, magesi, kutseguka kwa magawo oyandikira, komanso / kapena kusiyanasiyana kwamalo olumikizirana ndi polima wojambulidwa. Kusiyana kwamitundu ingakhale chifukwa cha kusakhala yunifolomu, kukakamizidwa kukakamizidwa pakapangidwe ka jakisoni, kulolerana kwamakina, ndikukula kwakatundu kosafanana ndikuwongolera kwa zinthu za nkhungu, zomwe zimakumana ndi kupalasa njinga mwachangu pa jakisoni, kulongedza, kuziziritsa, ndi magawo a ejection a njirayi . Zida za nkhungu nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zida zama coefficients osiyanasiyana pakukula kwamatenthedwe. Izi sizingayankhidwe nthawi imodzi popanda kuwonjezeka kwa zakuthambo pamitengo yopanga, kupanga, kukonza, ndikuwunika bwino. Wopanga nkhungu waluso komanso wopanga mbali zina adzaika zoyipazi m'malo obisika ngati zingatheke.
History
Wopanga waku America a John Wesley Hyatt pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Yesaya, Hyatt adavomereza kupanga makina oyamba opangira jakisoni mu 1872. Makinawa anali osavuta poyerekeza ndi makina omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano: imagwira ntchito ngati singano yayikulu yopangira hypertermic, pogwiritsa ntchito plunger kupopera pulasitiki kudzera potenthedwa yamphamvu mu nkhungu. Makampaniwa adapita pang'onopang'ono pazaka zambiri, ndikupanga zinthu monga khola, mabatani, ndi zisa za tsitsi.
Aukadaulo aku Germany a Arthur Eichengrün ndi Theodore Becker adapanga mitundu yosungunuka ya cellulose acetate mu 1903, yomwe inali yochepa kwambiri kuposa cellulose nitrate. Pambuyo pake idayamba kupezeka mwa mawonekedwe a ufa pomwe idabayidwa mosavuta. Arthur Eichengrün adapanga makina oyumba jekeseni oyamba mu 1919. Mu 1939, Arthur Eichengrün adalemba mapangidwe a jakisoni opukutira mapulasitiki okhala ndi pulasitiki.
Makampaniwa adakulirakulira m'ma 1940 chifukwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsika mtengo, zopangidwa ndi misala. Mu 1946, wopanga makina waku America James Watson Hendry anamanga makina oyikira jakisoni woyamba, omwe adalola kuwongolera mwachangu liwiro la jakisoni ndi mtundu wa zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa. Makinawa ankathandizanso kuti zisakanizidwe asanadziwe jakisoni, kuti pulasitiki wamtundu kapena wobwezeretsanso ukhoze kuwonjezeredwa pazinthu zosapanga namwali ndikuphatikizidwa bwino asanalowe. Masiku ano makina opangira jakisoni ndi omwe amachititsa kuti makina onse a jakisoni akhale ambiri. Mu 1970s, Hendry adapitiliza kupanga njira yoyamba yopangira jekeseni yothandizidwa ndi mpweya, yomwe idaloleza kupanga zinthu zovuta kuzimeza zomwe zidazira msanga. Izi zidasintha kwambiri kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake komanso kulimba ndi kutsiriza kwa magawo opangidwa ndikumachepetsa nthawi yopanga, mtengo, kulemera ndi kutaya zinyalala.
Makampani opanga jakisoni a pulasitiki asintha kwazaka zambiri kuchokera pakupanga zisa ndi mabatani kuti apange zinthu zochulukirapo zamagulu ambiri kuphatikizapo zamagalimoto, zamankhwala, zamagetsi, zopangira ogula, zoseweretsa, zonyamula katundu, zomanga, ndi zomanga.
Zitsanzo za ma polima zoyenera njirayi
Ma polima ambiri, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa resins, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza ma thermoplastics, ma thermosets ena, ndi ma elastomers ena. Kuyambira 1995, chiwerengero cha zida zomwe zimapezeka pobowola jakisoni chawonjezeka pamlingo wa 750 pachaka; panali pafupifupi zinthu 18,000 zomwe zimapezeka pomwe izi zidayamba. Zinthu zomwe zilipo ndizophatikizira kapena zophatikizika za zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kale, kotero opanga zinthu amatha kusankha zomwe zili ndi katundu pazinthu zabwino kwambiri. Njira zazikulu zosankhira zinthu ndi mphamvu ndi ntchito yofunika gawo lomaliza, komanso mtengo wake, komanso chilichonse chimakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana omangira omwe ayenera kukumbukiridwa. Ma polima wamba monga epoxy ndi phenolic ndi zitsanzo za mapulasitiki otentha pomwe nayiloni, polyethylene, ndi polystyrene ndi thermoplastic. Mpaka pano posachedwa, akasupe apulasitiki anali osatheka, koma kupita patsogolo kwa ma polima kumawapangitsa kukhala othandiza tsopano. Mapulogalamuwa akuphatikizira zomangira zomangirira ndikudula zida zakunja.
zida
Makina opangira jekeseni amakhala ndi hopper, nkhono yamphongo kapena mtundu wa wononga, ndi chipinda chotenthetsera. Amatchedwanso makina osindikizira, amakhala ndi nkhungu zomwe zimapangidwira. Makina amawerengedwa ndi matani, omwe amafotokoza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe makina angagwiritse ntchito. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa kuti nkhunguyo itsekeke panthawi ya jekeseni. Tonnage imatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pansi pa matani 5 mpaka matani opitilira 9,000, ndi ziwerengero zapamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zochepa. Mphamvu zonse zophatikizira zimatsimikiziridwa ndi dera lomwe lalinganizidwenso. Dera lokonzedwerali limachulukitsidwa ndi gulu lochotsa matani 1.8 mpaka 7.2 pa sentimita imodzi iliyonse yamalo omwe akuyembekezeredwa. Monga lamulo la thumbu, matani 4 kapena 5 / mkati2 itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri. Ngati zinthu zapulasitiki ndizouma kwambiri, zidzafuna jekeseni wambiri kuti mudzaze nkhungu, motero kuti achulukitse matayala kuti atseke nkhungu. Mphamvu yofunikira itha kutsimikizidwanso ndi zomwe agwiritsa ntchito komanso kukula kwa gawolo; zigawo zikuluzikulu amafuna apamwamba clamping mphamvu.
Mold
Mold or ndi ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo za pulasitiki pakuumba.
Popeza nkhungu zakhala zodula kupanga, nthawi zambiri zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga misa kumene mbali zikwi zambiri zimapangidwa. Mitundu yofananira imapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zolimba, chitsulo cholimbitsidwa kale, aluminium, ndi / kapena alloy beryllium-copper. Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu zopangira nkhungu makamaka ndi kwachuma; Kawirikawiri, nkhungu zachitsulo zimawononga ndalama zambiri kuti zimangidwe, koma kutalika kwa moyo wawo kumachepetsa mtengo woyamba pazigawo zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa asanafe. Pre-oumitsa zitsulo amatha kuumba ndi zochepa kuvala zosagwira ndipo ntchito zofunika m'munsi buku kapena zigawo zikuluzikulu; kuuma kwawo kwazitsulo ndi 38-45 pa sikelo ya Rockwell-C. Mitundu yolimba yazitsulo imathandizidwa ndi kutentha pambuyo pa kusinthana; izi ndizapamwamba kwambiri potengera kukana kuvala ndi kutalika kwa moyo. Kulimba kwakukulu kumasiyana pakati pa 50 ndi 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Zotengera za Aluminiyamu zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri, ndipo zikapangidwa ndi makina azida zamakono zamakono zitha kukhala zachuma pakuumba makumi kapena mazana mazana azinthu. Mkuwa wa Beryllium umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo a nkhungu omwe amafunika kuchotsa mwachangu kapena madera omwe amawotcha kwambiri. Mafangawa amatha kupangidwa ndi makina a CNC kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Mapangidwe opanga
Kapangidwe kamakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira, nkhungu ya jakisoni (A mbale) ndi ejector mold (B mbale). Zigawozi zimatchulidwanso kuti kuwononga ndi wopanga. Utoto wapulasitiki umalowa muchombo kudzera mu sprue or Geti mu nkhungu ya jakisoni; the sprue bushing ndi kusindikiza mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi phokoso la mbiya yovulaza ya makina owumba ndikuloleza pulasitiki wosungunuka kuti atuluke kuchokera mbiya kupita ku nkhungu, womwe umadziwikanso kuti mpanda. Kutulutsa kwa sprue kumawongolera pulasitiki wosungunuka kuzithunzi zam'mimbamo kudzera mumayendedwe omwe amakonzedwa kumaso kwa mbale za A ndi B. Njira izi zimalola kuti pulasitiki iziyenda nawo, motero amatchedwaothamanga. Pulasitiki wosungunulayo amayenda kudzera pa wothamangayo ndipo amalowa pachipata chimodzi kapena zingapo zapadera ndikulowa mu geometry ya m'mimbamo kuti apange gawo lofunikiralo.
Kuchuluka kwa utomoni wofunikira kudzaza sprue, wothamanga ndi zotsekemera za nkhungu kumakhala ndi "kuwombera". Mpweya wotsekedwa mu nkhungu umatha kutuluka kudzera m'mlengalenga womwe umagawika munthawi yokhotakhotayo, kapena kuzungulira zikhomo za ejector ndi zithunzi zomwe ndizocheperako kuposa mabowo omwe amazisunga. Ngati mpweya wotsekerezedwa suloledwa kuthawa, umapanikizidwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwa zomwe zikubwera ndikufinyidwa m'makona amphako, momwe zimalepheretsa kudzaza komanso zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zina. Mpweya umatha kukanikizika kwambiri kotero umayatsa ndikuwotcha pulasitiki woyandikana naye.
Kuti chithandizire kuchotsa gawo lomwe langoumbikalo kuchokera ku nkhungu, ziwalozi zisayikirane wina ndi mzake mbali yomwe nkhungu imatsegulira, pokhapokha mbali zina za nkhungu zimapangidwa kuti zisunthe pakati pa zotulukazi zikafika potseguka (pogwiritsa ntchito mbali zina zotchedwa Lifters ).
Mbali za gawo lomwe limawoneka likufanana ndikuwongolera kujambula (cholowa cha cholembapo (bowo) kapena kuyikapo ndikufanana ndi kayendedwe kokweza ndi pansi kamafika potseguka ndikutseka amakhala angled pang'ono, otchedwa kusodza, kuti atulutse gawo kuchokera ku nkhungu. Kulemba kosakwanira kumatha kubweretsa kusokoneza kapena kuwonongeka. Zolemba zomwe zimafunikira kuti nkhungu imasulidwe zimadalira kwambiri kukula kwa mimbayo: pozama kwambiri pamimbayo, ndikofunika kofunikira kwambiri. Shrinkage iyeneranso kukumbukiridwa posankha kukonzekera koyenera. Ngati khungu ndi lochepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti gawo lowumbidwa limayamba kucheperachepera pachimake chomwe chimaziziritsa ndikumamatira pazithunzizo, kapena gawolo limatha kupindika, kupindika, chithuza kapena kung'ambika likangonyamulidwa.
Nthawi zambiri nkhungu imapangidwa kuti gawo lowumbidwa mosasunthika likhalebe mbali ya ejector (B) ya nkhungu ikatsegulidwa, ndikukoka wothamanga ndi sprue kuchokera mbali ya (A) limodzi ndi ziwalozo. Gawolo limagwera momasuka mukachotsedwa mbali (B). Mageti a mumphangayo, omwe amadziwikanso kuti sitima zapamadzi zoyenda pansi pamadzi kapena zopangidwa ndi nkhungu, amapezeka pansi pamzere wogawana kapena nkhungu. Kutsegula kumakonzedwa pamwamba pa nkhungu pamizere yolekanitsa. Gawo lowumbidwa limadulidwa (ndi nkhungu) kuchokera pamakina othamanga pa ejection kuchokera nkhungu. Zikhomo Ejector, amatchedwanso knockout zikhomo, ndi zikhomo zozungulira anaika theka theka la nkhungu (kawirikawiri ejector theka), amene kukankhira mankhwala yomalizidwa kuumbidwa, kapena dongosolo wothamanga mwa nkhungu. Kutulutsa kwa nkhaniyo pogwiritsa ntchito zikhomo, malaya, ma stripers, etc. kungayambitse mawonekedwe osayenera kapena kupotoza, kotero chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa popanga nkhungu.
Njira yokhazikika yozizira imadutsa chozizira (nthawi zambiri madzi) kudutsa mabowo angapo omwe amayendetsedwa kudzera m'mapaula osakanikirana ndi ma hoses kuti apange njira yopitilira. Chozizira chimatenga kutentha kuchokera ku nkhungu (komwe kwateteza kutentha kuchokera ku pulasitiki yotentha) ndikusunga nkhunguyo pa kutentha koyenera kuti ipangitse pulasitikiyo pakuyenda bwino kwambiri.
Kuti muchepetse kukonza ndikutuluka, zingwe ndi ma cores zimagawika zidutswa, zotchedwa imalowa, ndi misonkhano yayikulu, yotchedwa imalowa, zimasinthakapena thamangitsani. Mwa kulowetsa zosinthika zosinthika, nkhungu imodzi imatha kupanga magawo angapo a gawo limodzi.
Zigawo zina zovuta zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zina zowonjezera. Izi zitha kukhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zotsetsereka, zomwe zimasunthira patsekeke lakutsogolo kupita kumbali, kuti zipange mbali zokulira. Chikombolecho chikatsegulidwa, zitsulo zimachotsedwa papulasitiki ndikugwiritsa ntchito "zikhomo" pazitali zouma. Pini izi zimalowa mu kagawo ndipo zimapangitsa kuti matayalawo abwerere chakumbuyo pomwe theka la nkhungu likutseguka. Gawolo limayatsidwa ndikubowola. Kutseka kwa nkhungu kumapangitsa kuti matayala ayende kutsogolo ndi zikhomo zamakona.
Zina mwa nkhungu zimaloleza kuti mbali zoyambitsidwa kale ziumbidwenso kuti zithandizire kuti pulawo la pulasitiki watsopano lipangidwe mozungulira gawo loyamba. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti kukokomeza. Dongosolo ili limatha kuloleza kupanga matayala amtundu umodzi ndi matayala.
Ziwombankhanga zowombera ziwiri kapena zingapo zimapangidwa kuti "zipindule" mkati mwazitsulo limodzi ndipo ziyenera kukonzedwa pamakina apadera a jekeseni okhala ndi mayunitsi awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Ntchitoyi ndiyomwe imapangidwira kawiri kawiri motero imakhala ndi cholakwika chochepa kwambiri. Pachigawo choyamba, utoto woyambira umapangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe oyambira, omwe amakhala ndi mipata yachiwiri. Kenako chinthu chachiwiri, mtundu wina, chimapangidwa ndi jakisoni m'malo amenewo. Ma batoni ndi makiyi, mwachitsanzo, opangidwa ndi njirayi amakhala ndi zilembo zomwe sizingathe, ndipo zimakhalabe zowoneka bwino ndikamagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.
Nkhungu imatha kupanga magawo angapo amalo amodzi mu "kuwombera" kamodzi. Chiwerengero cha "zomwe zidawoneka" pachikopa cha gawolo nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa dzina loti cavitation. Chida chokhala ndi chithunzi chimodzi nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa chimango chimodzi. Chikumba chokhala ndi zingwe ziwiri kapena zingapo za magawo omwewo zimatchulidwa kuti nkhungu yambiri. Zovuta zina zochulukirapo zochulukirapo (monga zija za m'matumba a botolo) zitha kukhala ndi zingwe zopitilira 128.
Nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito matayala angapo kumapangira magawo osiyanasiyana munthawi yomweyo. Ena opanga zida amatcha nkhungu izi za mabanja monga ziwalo zonse zimakhudzana. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zida zamtundu wa pulasitiki.
Kusungunula
Opanga amapanga zonse zotheka kuteteza nkhungu zachikhalidwe chifukwa cha mtengo wawo wapamwamba. Kutentha kokwanira ndi chinyezi kumasungidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizotenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri pakhungu lililonse. Maumba achikhalidwe, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuumba jakisoni wa rabara, amasungidwa pamawonekedwe otentha ndi chinyezi kuti asawonongeke.
Zida zankhondo
Chida chachitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Wofatsa zitsulo, zotayidwa, faifi tambala kapena epoxy ali oyenera yekha zinachitika kapena amathamanga yochepa kupanga. Aluminium olimba amakono (7075 ndi 2024 alloys) omwe ali ndi kapangidwe koyenera ka nkhungu, amatha kupanga nkhungu zokhoza kukhala ndi moyo 100,000 kapena kupitilira apo ndi kukonza nkhungu moyenera.
Machining
Makola amamangidwa kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: machining wamba ndi EDM. Makina odziwika, mwanjira zawo, kale anali njira yomangira majekeseni. Ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, makina a CNC adakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira nkhungu zovuta kudziwa zambiri koma zosakwanira kuposa njira zachikhalidwe.
Ntchito yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi (EDM) kapena kukokoloka kwa cheza lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga nkhungu. Komanso polola mapangidwe omwe ali ovuta kumanga, njirayi imalola nkhungu zisanapangidwe kuti zisapangidwe kutentha. Kusintha kwa nkhungu yofiyidwa ndi kubowola wamba ndi mphero nthawi zambiri kumafunikira kukhazikitsa pansi kuti kufewetsa nkhuni, kutsatiridwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha kuti liumitsenso. EDM ndi njira yosavuta momwe ma elekitirodi oumbidwa, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena graphite, amatsitsidwa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pamoto wakuumbwa (kwa maola ambiri), omwe amizidwa mu mafuta a paraffin (parafini). Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa chida ndi nkhungu imayambitsa kukokoloka kwa mafangowo pamalo osakanikirana ndi ma elekitirodi.
Cost
Chiwerengero cha mizere yophatikizidwa ndi nkhungu imakhudza mwachindunji ndalama zowumba. Zingwe zochepa kwambiri zimafuna ntchito yochepa kwambiri, kotero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa milomo yake kumapangitsa kuti ndalama zochepa zopangira kupanga jekeseni.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa mipata kumachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakapangidwe kazinthu, momwemonso kapangidwe kake kapangidwe kake. Zovuta zimatha kuphatikizidwa pazinthu zambiri monga kumaliza kumtunda, zofunika kulolerana, ulusi wamkati kapena wakunja, kufotokoza bwino kapena kuchuluka kwa njira zomwe zingaphatikizidwe.
Zowonjezereka monga ma undercuts, kapena chilichonse chomwe chikubweretsa chida chowonjezera chitha kuwonjezera mtengo wa nkhungu. Kumaliza pachimake ndi m'mbali mwake mwa mafupa kumawongolera mtengo.
Kupangira jakisoni wa Rubber kumabweretsa zipatso zambiri zolimba, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yotsika mtengo yokuumba. Njira zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwongolera kutentha koyenera zimachepetsa zinyalala zonse.
Njira yolimbira
Pogwiritsa ntchito jakisoni, pulasitiki yodyetsa imadyetsedwa ndi nkhosa yamphongo yokakamiza kupita nayo ku mbiya yolusa. Mbalezo zikamayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi wofinya, pulasitikiyo imakakamizidwa kulowa m'chipinda chotenthetsera, komwe chimasungunuka. Pamene chigulacho chikuyandikira, pulasitiki wosungunuka amakakamizidwa kudzera pamphuno lomwe limatsamira muchikombole, kuloleza kulowa polowera kudzera pachipata ndi pulogalamu yothamanga. Kapangidwe kamakhala kozizira kotero pulasitiki imakhazikika pafupifupi nkhungu itadzaza.
Katemera wokuumba
Zotsatira za nthawi yomwe jekeseni wa gawo la pulasitiki amatchedwa jekeseni wokuumba. Kutembenuka kumayamba pamene nkhungu atseka, ndikutsatiridwa ndi jakisoni wa polymer kulowa kolowera. Mitsemayo ikadzaza, kupanikizika kumakhalabe kuti kubwezerera shrinkage. Mu gawo lotsatira, cholakwika chimatembenuka, kudyetsa kuwombera kotsatira kumutu wakutsogolo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti screw ichokere pomwe kuwombera kotsatira kukonzedwa. Gawo likayamba kuzizira mokwanira, nkhungu imatseguka ndipo mbaliyo imatulutsidwa.
Sayansi motsutsana zachikhalidwe
Pachikhalidwe, gawo la jekeseni la makinawo lidachitika pakukakamizidwa kamodzi kuti mudzaze ndikunyamula. Njirayi, komabe, idalola kusintha kwakukulu pamiyeso yozungulira mpaka mkombero. Zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pano ndikuwumba kwasayansi kapena kophwanyidwa, njira yoyambitsidwa ndi RJG Inc. Mwa ichi jakisoni wa pulasitiki "amawotchera" mzigawo kuti athe kuwongolera bwino magawo ena ndi zina zozungulira (zomwe zimadziwika kuti kuwombera -shot mu mafakitale) kusasinthasintha. Choyamba bwaloli limadzaza pafupifupi 98% pogwiritsa ntchito velocity (liwiro) kuwongolera. Ngakhale kukakamizidwa kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuloleza kuthamanga, kufunikira kwakanthawi panthawiyi sikofunikira. Mimbayo ikangokhala 98% yodzaza, makinawo amasintha kuchoka ku kuthamanga kwa velocity kupita ku kuthamanga, pomwe patsekopo "imadzaza" mopanikizika nthawi zonse, pomwe pamafunika kuthamanga kokwanira kufikira zovuta zomwe mukufuna. Izi zimalola kukula kwa gawo kuti lizilamuliridwa mpaka mkati mwa zikwi za inchi kapena kupitilira apo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zokuumba jakisoni
Ngakhale njira zambiri zokuumba jakisoni zimaphimbidwa ndi kufotokozera kwadongosolo pamwambapa, pali mitundu ingapo yofunikira pakuumba kuphatikiza, koma osaperekedwa pa:
- Die kuponyera
- Metal jekeseni waumba
- Wofunda khoma jekeseni
- Kubayira pathupi lamadzimadzi a silicone
Mndandanda wambiri wowonjezera wa njira zokuumba jakisoni ungapezeke pano:
Njira yothetsera mavuto
Monga njira zonse za mafakitale, kuumba jakisoni kumatha kutulutsa magawo olakwika. Pankhani yokuumba jakisoni, kuwongolera zovuta kumachitika kawirikawiri ndikuwunika mbali zosalongosoka kuti mupeze vuto linalake ndikuthana ndi zosalongosoka ndi kapangidwe ka nkhungu kapena momwe machitidwewo alili. Ziyeso nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa usanapangidwe kokwanira kumayesayesa kulosera zolakwika ndikupanga mawonekedwe oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito jakisoni.
Mukadzaza nkhungu yatsopano kapena yosadziwika kwa nthawi yoyamba, pomwe kuwombera kwa nkhunguyo sikudziwika, wopanga zida / wogwiritsa ntchito zida amatha kuyesa nthawi isanachitike. Amayamba ndikulemera pang'ono ndikudzaza pang'onopang'ono mpaka nkhunguyo ndi 95 mpaka 99% yodzaza. Izi zikakwaniritsidwa, pang'ono pokha pakukakamizidwa kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikukhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo mpaka chipata chimazizira (nthawi yolimba) yachitika. Nthawi yozimitsa pachipata imatha kutsimikizika pakuwonjezera nthawi yogwirizira, ndiyeno kuyeza gawolo. Kulemera kwa gawolo sikusintha, zimadziwika kuti chipata chimazizira ndipo palibenso chinthu china cholowetsedwa m'gawolo. Nthawi yolimbitsa zipata ndiyofunika, chifukwa imatsimikizira nthawi yazoyenda ndi mtundu wa kusasinthasintha kwa malonda, yomwe ndiyofunika kwambiri pazachuma pakupanga. Kupanikizika kumawonjezeka mpaka magawo atakhala osamira ndipo gawo lina lakwaniritsa.
Zofooka zobowola
Kupukuta kwa jakisoni ndiukadaulo wovuta wokhala ndi zovuta zopanga. Amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha zolakwika mumakhunguwo, kapena nthawi zambiri ndi momwe zimapangidwira.
| Zofooka zobowola | Dzina lina | Titsimikizidwa | Zimayambitsa |
|---|---|---|---|
| chithuza | Maluwa | Kukhazikika kapena magawo pamtunda | Chida kapena zinthu ndizotentha kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimayamba chifukwa chosowa kuzizirira kuzungulira chida kapena chotenthetsera cholakwika |
| Zizindikiro zotentha | Kuwotcha mpweya / kutentha kwa mpweya / dizilo | Madera akuda kapena a bulauni omwe amakhala pamalo opumira kwambiri kuchokera pachipata kapena komwe mpweya umasowekapo | Chida chimasowa poyatsira, liwiro la jakisoni ndilapamwamba kwambiri |
| Maola amtundu (US) | Maola amtundu (UK) | Kusintha kwamtundu / mtundu | Masterbatch sikusakanikirana bwino, kapena zinthuzo zatha ndipo zikuyamba kubwera ngati zachilengedwe zokha. Zojambula zam'mbuyomu "zikukoka" mu nozzle kapena cheke valavu. |
| Kukonzekera | Woonda kwambiri ngati zigawo zopangidwira kukhoma | Kuipitsidwa kwa zinthuzo mwachitsanzo, PP yosakanikirana ndi ABS, imakhala yowopsa kwambiri ngati mbaliyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa zinthuzo sizikhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pamene zimasungidwa chifukwa zida sizingagwirizane | |
| kung'anima | Bururu | Zowonjezera pazopyapyala zopyapyala kwambiri | Kutenthetsa kwadzaza kapena chingwe cholumikizira chida chawonongeka, jekeseni kwambiri / jekeseni wambiri, mphamvu yotsika kwambiri. Itha kupangidwanso chifukwa cha litsiro ndi zovunda zakutizirani kosanja. |
| Zophatikizidwa zodetsa | Zambiri zophatikizidwa | Tinthu tachilendo (zinthu zopsereza kapena zina) zophatikizidwa mu gawo | Tinthu totsegulira, |
| Zizindikiro zakuyenda | Mizere yoyenda | Directionally "off tone" mizere yavy kapena mapangidwe | Kuthira jekeseni pang'onopang'ono kwambiri (pulasitiki yachepa kwambiri nthawi ya jekeseni, liwiro la jakisoni liyenera kukhazikitsidwa mwachangu momwe ziyenera kuchitira ndi zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito) |
| Chipata Blush | Malangizo a Halo kapena Blush | Zozungulira mozungulira pachipata, nthawi zambiri chimangokhala vuto pamafamu othamanga | Liwiro la jekeseni limathamanga kwambiri, kukula kwa chipata / sprue / wothamanga ndikochepa kwambiri, kapena kusungunuka / mawonekedwe a nkhungu ndikotsika kwambiri. |
| Kuyesa | Gawo loipitsidwa ndi chipwirikiti cha zinthu. | Kupanga bwino kwa chida, malo ampata kapena wothamanga. Liwiro la jekeseni lalitali kwambiri. Mapangidwe olakwika a zipata zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azifa pang'ono amatupa ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zoseketsa. | |
| Mizere yoluntha | Zingwe zamagetsi | Mizere yaying'ono kumbuyo kwa zikhomo zapakati kapena mawindo pazinthu zomwe zimawoneka ngati mizere chabe. | Amayambitsa kusungunuka kutsogolo kwa chinthu chozungulira chonyadira papulasitiki komanso kumapeto kwa kudzaza komwe kusungunuka kumayambiranso. Itha kuchepetsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa ndi kafukufuku wakuyenda kwa nkhungu pomwe nkhungu ili mgawo la mapangidwe. Kapangidweko ndikapangika chipata, munthu amachepetsa cholakwacho pokha posintha kusungunuka ndi kutentha kwa nkhungu. |
| Kuwonongeka kwa polymer | Kuphulika kwa polymer kuchokera kuhydrolysis, oxidation etc. | Madzi ochulukirapo m'migolo, kutentha kwambiri m'mbale, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa chimbudzi, zinthu zololedwa kuti zigoneke mu mbiya kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. | |
| Chizindikiro | [yamira] | Matenda akumidzi (M'malo akuda) | Kukhala ndi nthawi / kupanikizika kwambiri, nthawi yozizira yochepa kwambiri, ndi othamanga opanda kutentha omwe amathanso izi amathanso kuchitika chifukwa kutentha kwa chipata kukukhwimitsidwa kwambiri. Zochuluka kapena makoma kwambiri. |
| Kuwombera mwachidule | Zosadzaza kapena fupi | Gawo | Kupanda zinthu, liwiro la jakisoni kapena kukakamiza kwambiri, nkhungu kwambiri, kusowa kwa mpweya |
| Zizindikiro zamasewera | Splash chizindikiro kapena siliva mafunde | Nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati timiyala tasiliva tomwe timayendera, ngakhale kutengera mtundu ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zingayimire ngati timabampu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa chinyontho. | Chinyezi muzinthuzo, nthawi zambiri pomwe ma resin a hygroscopic amaumitsidwa molakwika. Kutchera gasi m'malo am'nthiti "chifukwa cha jekeseni wambiri wam'maderawa. Zinthu zotentha kwambiri, kapena akumeta ubweya wambiri. |
| Khama | Chingwe kapena chipata chachitali | Zingwe ngati otsalira kuchokera kuwombera kwaposachedwa kuwombera kwatsopano | Kutentha kwa nozzle kwambiri. Chipata sichinaziziridwe, palibe kuwonongeka kwa kagwere, palibe kupumula kwa sprue, kusakhazikika koyenera kwa magulu otenthetsera mkati mwa chida. |
| Mapeto | Malo opanda kanthu mkati mwa gawo (mpweya wam'mlengalenga umakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito) | Kupanda kukakamiza (kugwiritsira ntchito kupanikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula gawolo munthawi yogwira). Kudzaza mwachangu kwambiri, osalola m'mbali mwa gawoli kukhazikitsa. Komanso nkhungu zitha kukhala zosalembetsa (pomwe magawo awiri samakhala bwino ndipo gawo lina silofanana). Zomwe zaperekedwa ndikumvetsetsa wamba, Kuwongolera: Kuperewera kwa paketi (osagwira) kukakamiza (kuthamanga paketi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa ngakhale kuli gawo munthawi yanthawi). Kudzazidwa mwachangu kwambiri sikuyambitsa vutoli, chifukwa chopanda kanthu ndi lakuya komwe kunalibe malo oti zichitike. Mwanjira ina, gawolo likuchepa utomoni womwe udadzipatula wokha chifukwa padalibe utomoni wokwanira mimbamo. Kuperewera kumatha kuchitika kudera lililonse kapena gawolo silimangolekezedwa ndi makulidwe koma ndi kutsetsereka kwa utomoni ndi matenthedwe oyenda, koma ndizotheka kuchitika m'malo olimba ngati nthiti kapena mabwana. Zowonjezera zomwe zimayambitsa ma void sizimasungunuka padziwe losungunuka. | |
| Chingwe cha waya | Mzere wa Knit / chingwe cha Meld / Mzere wapaulendo | Mzere wosanjika pomwe mbali ziwiri zoyambira zimakumana | Nkhungu kapena kutentha kumakhala kotsika kwambiri (nkhaniyo imakhala yozizira akakumana, kotero samalumikizana). Nthawi yosinthira pakati pa jakisoni ndi kusamutsa (kulongedza ndi kugwira) ndi molawirira kwambiri. |
| Akukula | Kupotoza | Gawo losokonekera | Kuzizira kuli kakafupi, zinthu ndizotentha kwambiri, kusazizirira kuzungulira pa chida, matenthedwe osavomerezeka amadzi (zigawozo zimagona choloza mbali yakutentha ya chida) |
Njira monga kusanthula kwa mafakitale a CT zitha kuthandiza kupeza zopezeka kunja komanso mkati.
Kupirira
Kulekerera pakuwumba ndikuloleza kopatuka pamitundu monga magawo, kulemera, mawonekedwe, kapena ngodya, etc. Kukweza kuwongolera kukhazikitsa kulolerana nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika komanso kokwanira pamakulidwe, kutengera njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Jekeseni akamaumba ambiri amatha tolerances wofanana ndi IT kalasi pafupifupi 9-14. Kulekerera kotheka kwa thermoplastic kapena thermoset ndi ± 0.200 mpaka ± 0.500 millimeter. Mu ntchito zapadera kulolerana kutsika mpaka ± 5 onm pamizeremizere yonse ndi mawonekedwe amizere amakwaniritsidwa pakupanga. Mapeto akumwamba a 0.0500 mpaka 0.1000 orm kapena kupitilira apo akhoza kupezeka. Mawonekedwe oyipa kapena miyala ikuluikulu ndiyothekanso.
| Mtundu Wowumba | Mtundu [mm] | Zotheka [mm] |
|---|---|---|
| Kutentha kwam'mimba | ± 0.500 | ± 0.200 |
| Kutentha | ± 0.500 | ± 0.200 |
Zofuna zamagetsi
Mphamvu yofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito pobayira jakisoni zimatengera zinthu zambiri komanso zimasiyana pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Maupangiri a Mapangidwe Amachitidwe imafotokoza kuti mphamvu ya magetsi imadalira "mphamvu yokoka ya chinthu, kusungunuka kwake, kutentha kwake, kukula kwake, ndi kuchuluka kwake." Pansipa pali tebulo lochokera patsamba 243 lofananalo monga tanena kale lomwe likuwonetsera bwino mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi mphamvu yofunikira pazida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
| Zofunika | Mphamvu yapadera | Malo osungunula (° F) | Malo osungunuka (° C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| epoxy | 1.12 kuti 1.24 | 248 | 120 |
| Zamatsenga | 1.34 kuti 1.95 | 248 | 120 |
| nayiloni | 1.01 kuti 1.15 | 381 kuti 509 | 194 kuti 265 |
| polyethylene | 0.91 kuti 0.965 | 230 kuti 243 | 110 kuti 117 |
| Polystyrene | 1.04 kuti 1.07 | 338 | 170 |
Kupanga mawonekedwe a Robotic
Kudzigwiritsa ntchito kumatanthauza kuti kukula kochepa kwa magawo kumaloleza pulogalamu yoyeserera mafoni kuti ayang'ane magawo angapo mwachangu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kuyika machitidwe oyang'anira pazida zokha, maloboti okhala ndi zitsulo zingapo amatha kuchotsa mbali kuchokera ku nkhungu ndikuyika mayendedwe kuti apange njira zina.
Zina mwatsatanetsatane zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa ziwalo kuchokera ku nkhungu nthawi yomweyo zigawo zitapangidwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina owonera. Loboti imatenga gawo mbali pambuyo poti zikhomo za ejector zitulutsidwa kuti ichotse mbali yake muchikombole. Imawasunthira kumalo komwe kungasungidwe kapena mwachindunji pa pulogalamu yoyendera. Kusankha kumadalira mtundu wa malonda, komanso mtundu wa zida zopangira. Makina owoneka bwino opangira ma roboti akuthandiza kwambiri kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwa malo oumbika. Maloboti oyendetsa mafoni amatha kudziwa kulondola kwachitsulo, ndikuyang'ananso mwachangu kuposa momwe munthu angathere.
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