Kuzindikira kutayikira

by Delta Engineering / Lachisanu, 25 March 2016 / lofalitsidwa mu Magetsi ambiri

Bomba kudziwika kutayikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe ngati nthawi zina kutayikira kudachitika mu machitidwe omwe amakhala ndi zakumwa ndi magalasi. Njira zodziwira zimaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa hydrostatic pambuyo pa kukonza kwa mapaipi ndi kudziwonetsa kutayikira panthawi ya ntchito.

Ma pipeti amapaipi ndi njira zachuma komanso zotetezeka kwambiri zoyendera mafuta, mipweya ndi zinthu zina zamadzimadzi. Monga njira yoyendera mtunda wautali, mapaipi amayenera kukwaniritsa chitetezo chambiri, kudalirika komanso ntchito yabwino. Ngati zitasungidwa bwino, mapaipi amatha kwamuyaya popanda kutaya. Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwambiri komwe kumachitika kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zida zokumbira zapafupi, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyimbira akuluakulu asadafukufuku kuti awonetsetse kuti mulibe mapaipi oyikidwa m'manda pafupi. Mapaipi akapanda kusamalidwa bwino, amatha kuyamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono, makamaka m'malo opanga, malo otsika kumene chinyontho chimasonkhanitsa, kapena malo okhala ndi kupanda ungwiro. Komabe, zolakwika izi zimatha kudziwika ndi zida zowunikira ndikukonzanso zisanayende. Zina zomwe zimatulutsa zimaphatikizapo ngozi, kuyenda kwa dziko, kapena kuwonongeka.

Cholinga chachikulu cha machitidwe odziwika kuti ndiotayidwa (LDS) ndi kuthandiza oyang'anira mapaipi kudziwa ndi kutulutsa kutulutsa komweko. LDS imapereka alamu ndikuwonetsa zidziwitso zina zokhudzana ndi oyendetsa mapaipi kuti athandizire popanga chisankho. Njira zodziwonera zotulutsa mapaipi ndizopindulitsanso chifukwa zimatha kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi kudalirika kwadongosolo chifukwa chochepetsa nthawi yopumira komanso nthawi yochepetsera kuyesa. LDS ndiye gawo lofunikira muukadaulo wamapaipi.

Malinga ndi chikalata cha API "RP 1130", LDS imagawidwa kukhala LDS yochokera kunja komanso LDS yakunja. Makina oyambira mkati amagwiritsa ntchito zida zam'munda (mwachitsanzo, kayendedwe ka madzi, kukakamiza kapena kutentha kwa masisitimu) kuwunikira magawo amapaipi. Makina amtundu wakunja amagwiritsanso ntchito zida zam'munda (mwachitsanzo ma radiometre infrared kapena makamera otentha, masensa ampweya, maikolofoni ang'ono kapena zingwe za fiber-Optic) kuwunikira magawo amapaipi akunja.

Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Mayiko ena amakhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka mapaipi.

API RP 1130 "Kuwunikira Mapaipi Amipikisano"

Mchitidwe wovomerezekawu (RP) umayang'ana pakupanga, kukhazikitsa, kuyesa ndi kuyendetsa LDS yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera. Cholinga cha mchitidwewu ndikuthandizira Woyendetsa Pipeni kuzindikira zinthu zofunika pakusankha, kukhazikitsa, kuyesa, ndi kuyendetsa LDS. LDS imagawidwa kukhala yakunja komanso yakunja. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito mkati amagwiritsa ntchito zida zam'munda (mwachitsanzo pakuyenda, kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwamadzimadzi) kuwunika mapaipi amkati; mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuponyera kutayikira. Machitidwe akunja amagwiritsa ntchito masensa apanyumba, odzipereka.

TRFL (Germany)

TRFL ndichidule cha "Technische Regel für Fernleitungsanlagen" (technical Rule for Pipeline Systems). TRFL imafotokozera mwachidule zofunikira kuti mapaipi azitsatiridwa ndi malamulo aboma. Amakhudza mapaipi onyamula zakumwa zoyaka, mapaipi onyamula zakumwa zoopsa kumadzi, komanso mapaipi ambiri onyamula mpweya. Mitundu isanu yosiyanasiyana ya LDS kapena LDS imafunika:

Ma LDS awiri odziyimira pawokha kuti azindikire kuti ali ndi vuto nthawi yayitali. Chimodzi mwazinthu izi kapena zina zowonjezera ziyeneranso kudziwa kutuluka kwa kanthawi kochepa, mwachitsanzo mukamayamba mapaipi
LDS imodzi yofufuza kutayikira ikatsekedwa
Mmodzi LDS wa zokwawa
LDS imodzi yofikira malo otayira

zofunika

Chithunzi cha API1155 (m'malo mwa API RP 1130) amatanthauzira zofunika zotsatirazi za LDS:

Kuzindikira: LDS iyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti kuchepa kwamadzi chifukwa chodontha ndikochepa momwe mungathere. Izi zimayika zofunikira ziwiri pa dongosololi: ziyenera kuzindikira kutulutsa kochepa, ndipo ziyenera kuzazindikira msanga.
Kudalirika: Wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhala wokhulupirira LDS. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iyenera kufotokozera ma alamu enieni alionse, koma ndikofunikira kuti siyipanga ma alarm abodza.
Chowona: Ma LDS ena amatha kuwerengera kutayikira ndi malo opunduka. Izi ziyenera kuchitika molondola.
Khwalala: LDS iyenera kupitiliza kugwira ntchito m'malo osayenera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pakulephera kwa transducer, makina amayenera kuzindikira kulephera ndikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito (mwina ndi zovuta zina monga kufooka kwa chidwi).

Mkhalidwe wokhala pang'onopang'ono komanso wosakhalitsa

Panthawi yolimba boma, mayendedwe, zitsendere, ndi zina zambiri mapaipi amapitilira nthawi. Panthawi yocheperako, zosintha izi zimatha kusintha mwachangu. Masinthidwewo amafalikira ngati mafunde kudzera mumapaipi ndi kuthamanga kwa mkokomo wamadzi. Mikhalidwe yochepa imakhalapo mapaipi mwachitsanzo poyambira, ngati kukakamiza kulowa kapena kosinthika kumasintha (ngakhale kusintha kungakhale kochepa), komanso batani likasintha, kapena ngati zinthu zingapo zili mapaipi. Mapaipi amafuta nthawi zonse amakhala osakhalitsa, chifukwa mipweya imakhala yosakanikirana kwambiri. Ngakhale m'mapaipi amadzimadzi, zotsatira zoyipa sizitha kunyalanyazidwa nthawi yayitali. LDS iyenera kuloleza kuwunika kutayikira kwa mikhalidwe yonseyo kuti ipeze kuwunika kwathunthu nthawi yonse ya payipi.

LDS yoyambira mkati

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito mkati amagwiritsa ntchito zida zam'munda (mwachitsanzo pakuyenda, kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwamadzimadzi) kuwunika mapaipi amkati; mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuponyera kutayikira. Mtengo wamachitidwe ndi zovuta za LDS zamkati ndizochepa chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zilipo kale. LDS yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazofunikira zachitetezo.

Kupanikizika / Kuyang'anira

Kutayikira kumasintha ma hydraulics amapaipi, motero amasintha kukakamiza kapena kuwerengera patapita nthawi. Kuwunikira komwe akukhala ngati akukakamira kamodzi kokha kungakupatseni kuwunika kosavuta. Monga momwe amachitidwira kwanuko sikufunikira kwenikweni. Ndizothandiza mokhazikika-pokhapokha, komabe, ndipo kuthekera kwake kuthana ndi mapaipi amagetsi ndi ochepa.

Mafunde Otsitsimula

Mawonekedwe achustic pressure wave amasanthula mafunde osowa omwe amapezeka pakatuluka. Pakhoma lapaipi likachitika, madzi kapena gasi amatuluka ngati ndege yayikulu kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa mafunde osafunikira omwe amafalikira mbali zonse ziwiri za payipi ndipo amatha kuzindikiridwa ndikusanthula. Njira zogwirira ntchito za njirayi zimakhazikitsidwa pachikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri cha mafunde okakamiza kuti aziyenda maulendo ataliatali liwiro la phokoso lotsogozedwa ndi makoma a payipi. Matalikidwe amtundu wamagetsi amakula ndikukula kwakudontha. Algorithm yovuta masamu imasanthula deta kuchokera pama sensa opanikizika ndipo imatha mphindi zochepa kuloza komwe kuli kutuluka molondola zosakwana 50 m (164 ft). Zambiri zoyesera zasonyeza kuti njirayi ndi yokhoza kuzindikira zotuluka zosakwana 3mm (0.1 inchi) m'mimba mwake ndikugwira ndi ma alarm abodza otsika kwambiri m'makampani - ochepera 1 alarm yabodza pachaka.

Komabe, njirayi imalephera kuzindikira kutaya komwe kungachitike pambuyo pa chochitika choyamba: kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi (kapena kuphulika), mafunde oyambirirawo atachepa ndipo palibe mafunde amtsogolo omwe amapangika. Chifukwa chake, ngati dongosololi likulephera kudziwa kutayikira (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa mafunde opanikizika anaphimbidwa ndi mafunde opanikizika osakhalitsa chifukwa chochitika mwanjira ngati kusintha kwamphamvu kukakamiza kapena kusinthana kwa valavu), dongosololi silidzazindikira kutayikira komwe kukuchitika.

Njira zofananira

Njira izi zimakhazikika pamaziko a kuteteza misa. Mukukhazikika, misa ukuyenda $\ dot {M} _I$ kulowa bomba lopanda zotayirira kudzachepetsa kuchuluka kwake $\ dot {M} _O$ kusiya izo; dontho lililonse la madzi likusiya mapaipi amisala $\ dot {M} _I - \ dot {M} _O$ ) ikuwonetsa kutayikira. Njira zosiyanitsira $\ dot {M} _I$ ndi $\ dot {M} _O$ kugwiritsa ntchito maluwa ndipo pamapeto pake mulembetse kusalingalira komwe kumakhala kuyerekezera kwa kutulutsa kosadziwika, koona komwe kumachitika. Kufanizira kusalinganika uku (komwe nthawi zambiri kumayang'aniridwa kwa nthawi zingapo) ndikulowa kwa alamu yomwe ikudontha $\ gamma$ imapanga alamu ngati kusamvana uku kuyang'aniridwa. Njira zowongolera bwino zimaganiziranso kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mapaipi. Mayina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo njira zowerengera mzere ndi kuchuluka kwa voliyumu, kusinthasintha kwa voliyumu, komanso kuchuluka kwa misa.

Njira zobwereza

LDS yowerengera imagwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera (mwachitsanzo kuchokera pagawo lazopanga zisankho) kuti awunikire kukakamiza / kutuluka nthawi imodzi kapena kusalinganika kuti mupeze kutuluka. Izi zimabweretsa mwayi wakukwaniritsa chisankho chodontha ngati malingaliro ena atakhala. Njira yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera

\ text {Hypothesis} H_0: \ zolemba {Palibe zotupa]

\ text {Hypothesis} H_1: \ zolemba {Leak}

Ili ndi vuto lodziwika bwino, ndipo pali mayankho osiyanasiyana omwe amadziwika kuchokera pa mawerengero.

Njira za RTTM

RTTM imatanthauza "Model Real-Time Transient Model". RTTM LDS imagwiritsa ntchito masamu amtundu woyenda mkati mwa payipi pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyendetsera zinthu monga kusamalira misa, kusamalira mphamvu, ndikusunga mphamvu. Njira za RTTM zitha kuwonedwa ngati njira zopititsira patsogolo momwe amagwiritsanso ntchito njira yosungira mphamvu ndi mphamvu. RTTM imapangitsa kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka, kuthamanga, kuchuluka ndi kutentha pamalo aliwonse olowera paipi nthawi yeniyeni mothandizidwa ndi masamu masanjidwewo. RTTM LDS imatha kutengera mayendedwe mosakhazikika komanso mosakhalitsa mu payipi. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa RTTM, kutuluka kumatha kupezeka nthawi yazokhazikika komanso zosakhalitsa. Ndi zida zogwirira ntchito moyenera, mitengo yotayikira imatha kuyerekeredwa pogwiritsira ntchito njira zomwe zilipo.

Njira za E-RTTM

Chizindikiro Chowonjezereka cha Real-Time Trigueent Model (E-RTTM)

E-RT TM imayimira "Model Real-Time Transient Model", pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa RTTM wokhala ndi njira zowerengera. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira kutayikira kumatheka pokhazikika komanso pompopompo ndikumverera kwakukulu, ndipo ma alarm abodza adzapewa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera.

Pa njira yotsalira, gawo la RTTM amawerengera $\ hat {\ dot {M}} _ I$ , $\ hat {\ dot {M}} _ O$ kwa MASS FLOW pamalo olowera ndi kugulitsira, motero. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya kupanikizika ndi kutentha pakulowa ( $p_$ , $T_$ ) ndi kutulutsa ( $p_O$ , $T_O$ ). Kuyenda kwamtunduwu koyerekeza kumayerekezedwa ndikuyenda kwakukulu $\ dot {M} _I$ , $\ dot {M} _O$ , kulolera zotsalira $x = \ dot {M} _I - \ hat {\ dot {M}} _ I$ ndi $y = \ dot {M} _O - \ hat {\ dot {M}} _ O$ . Zotsalira izi zimakhala pafupi ndi zero ngati palibe kutayikira; apo ayi wotsalira amawonetsa siginecha. Mu gawo lotsatira, omwe atsalawo akuwunika kosayina kosadukiza. Ndime iyi imawunikira zomwe amachita pakanthawi kochepa polemba ndikufanizira siginecha ndi siginecha yotayika mu database ("chala"). Alamu yodontha imalengezedwa ngati siginecha yochotsedwayo ikufanana ndi chala.

LDS yakunja

Machitidwe akunja amagwiritsa ntchito masensa apanyumba, odzipereka. LDS zotere ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zolondola, koma mtengo wamagetsi ndi zovuta kuzimitsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri; Ntchito zake zimangokhala m'malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, mwachitsanzo pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena malo oteteza chilengedwe.

Chingwe cha Mafuta a Digital Leak Kuzindikira

Makabati a Sense a Digital ali ndi kuluka kwa oyendetsa amkati olowa mkati otetezedwa ndi cholembera cholumikizira cholowera. Chizindikiro chamagetsi chimadutsa ngakhale oyendetsa mkati ndipo amayang'aniridwa ndi microprocessor yolowera mkati mwa cholumikizira. Madzi othawa amatuluka kudzera mumtunda wamkati wolowera ndikulumikizana ndi othandizira mkati. Izi zimayambitsa kusintha kwamagetsi amagetsi chingwe chomwe chimadziwika ndi microprocessor. Ma microprocessor amatha kudziwa kutuluka kwa madziwo mkati mwa mita imodzi kuchokera kutalika kwake ndikupereka chizindikiro choyenera kuwunikira makina kapena oyendetsa ntchito. Zingwe zamalingaliro zimatha kumakulungidwa mapaipi, ndikuyika m'manda pansi ndi mapaipi kapena kuyika ngati chitoliro cha bomba.

Kuyesedwa Kwa Mapaipi a infrared

Mlengalenga thermogram ya manda oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta oyendetsedwa mapaipi akuwulula zonyansa zoyambitsidwa ndi leaks

Kuyesa kwapayipi ya infrared thermographic kudziwonetsa kuti ndi kolondola komanso kothandiza pofufuza ndikupeza kutuluka kwamapaipi a subsurface, ma void omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kukokoloka, kutayika kwa mapaipi, komanso kusabwezedwa bwino. Kutulutsa kwamapaipi kumalola kuti madzi, monga madzi, apange mafunde pafupi ndi payipi, madziwo amakhala ndi matenthedwe osiyana ndi nthaka youma kapena kubwerera kumbuyo. Izi ziwonetsedwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha pamwamba pamalo otayikira. Radiometa yoyenda bwino kwambiri imalola madera onse kuti asanthulidwe ndipo zomwe zikuwonetsedwazo ziwonetsedwe ngati zithunzi ndi madera otentha osiyanasiyana opangidwa ndi mitundu yakuda yaimvi pachithunzi chakuda & choyera kapena ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto. Njirayi imayesa mphamvu zamagetsi zokha, koma njira zomwe zimayesedwa pamwamba pa nthaka pamwamba pa payipi yomwe yakwiriridwa zingathandize kuwonetsa komwe kutayikira kwa mapaipi ndikupangitsa kuti kukokoloka kwa nthaka kukhaleko; imazindikira mavuto ozama mamita 30 pansi pa nthaka.

Acoustic emission diagnostic

Kuthawa zamadzimadzi kumayambitsa chizolowezi chomata chikamadutsa dzenje mu chitoliro. Ma sensor acoustic omwe amamangiriridwa kunja kwa mapaipi amapanga chala cha "chala" choyambira mzere kuchokera phokoso lamkati la mapaipi m'boma lake. Pakudontha, kumachitika chizindikiritso chazizindikiro ndipo chimawunikidwa. Kupatuka kuchokera pachiyero "chala chala" chikuwonetsa alarm. Tsopano masensa akukhala bwino ndi kusankhidwa kwa ma frequency band, kusachedwa kosankha masanjidwe etc. Izi zimapangitsa kuti magawo azikhala osiyana kwambiri komanso osavuta kupenda. Pali njira zina zodziwonera kutayikira. Mafoni akunyanja omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a zosefera ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuzindikira malo omwe akutsukawo. Imasunga mtengo wofufuzira. Mphepo yamadzi m'nthaka imagunda khoma lamkati la dothi kapena konkriti. Izi zipangitsa phokoso lofooka. Phokoso ili liziwonongeka pakubwera pamwamba. Koma phokoso lalikulu kwambiri limatha kunyamulidwa pokhapokha pamtunda wopatsako. Zinyalala ndi zosefera zimathandizira kuti pakhale phokoso lomveka. Mitundu ina yamagetsi yolowetsedwa mumzera wamapaipi imapanga phokoso losiyanasiyana mutasiya chitolirochi.

Ma chubu ozindikira a Vapor

Njira yozindikira kutulutsa phukusi yotulutsa nthunzi imakhudza kuyika chubu m'litali lonse la payipi. Izi chubu - mu mawonekedwe amtundu - ndizotheka kwambiri kuzinthu zomwe zingapezeke mu pulogalamuyi. Ngati kutayikira kumachitika, zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyezedwa zimakhudzana ndi chubu ngati nthunzi, gasi kapena kusungunuka m'madzi. Pomwe kutuluka, zinthu zina zomwe zikudontha zimafalikira mu chubu. Pakapita nthawi, mkati mwa chubu mumatuluka chithunzi cholondola cha zinthu zomwe zimazungulira chubu. Pofuna kusanthula magawidwe omwe amapezeka mu chubu cha sensa, pampu imakankhira gawo la mpweya mu chubu kupitilira gawo lodziwikiratu nthawi zonse. Chojambulira kumapeto kwa chubu cha sensa chili ndi zida zamagetsi. Kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa mpweya wambiri kumabweretsa "kutuluka kwakukulu".

CHIKWANGWANI cha fiber-optic leak

Njira zosachepera ziwiri za fiber-optic leak deteration zikugulitsidwa: Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) ndi Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). Njira ya DTS imaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa chingwe cha fiber-optic kutalika kwa mapaipi oyang'aniridwa. Zinthu zoyesedwa zimayanjana ndi chingwecho chikatulutsa chithokomiro, kusintha kutentha kwa chingwe ndikusintha chowunikira cha mtengo wa laser, kuwonetsa kutayikira. Malowa amadziwika poyesa kuchepa kwakanthawi pakati pa pomwe laser yamkokomo inatulutsidwa komanso pomwe mawonekedwe awonekera. Izi zimagwira ntchito ngati chinthucho chili pa kutentha mosiyana ndi malo okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yogawa kutentha-yowunika kutentha imapatsa mwayi kuyesa kutentha mapaipi. Kuwona kutalika konse kwa fiber, mawonekedwe a kutentha m'mayendedwe amatsimikizika, zomwe zimayambitsa kutulukamo.

Njira ya DAS imaphatikizanso kukhazikitsa kofananira kwa chingwe cha fiber-optic kutalika kwa mapaipi kuyang'aniridwa. Kuchulukitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chinthu chomwe chikusiya mapaipi kudzera kutayikira kumasintha chiwonetsero cha mtanda wa laser, kuwonetsa kutayikira. Malowa amadziwika poyesa kuchepa kwakanthawi pakati pa pomwe laser yamkokomo inatulutsidwa komanso pomwe mawonekedwe awonekera. Njira iyi ikhoza kuphatikizidwanso ndi Njira Yogawanitsidwa Kutentha kwa Kutentha kuti ipereke mawonekedwe am'mapaipi.