PP

Polypropylene (PP), yotchedwanso polypropene, ndi Thermoplastic ma polima omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mitundu yambiri ya ntchito kuphatikiza kulongedza ndi kulemba, nsalu (mwachitsanzo, zingwe, zovala zamkati zamaotoni ndi makapeti), zida zanyumba, mapulasitiki ndi zosintha zina zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ma labotale, zokupizira mawu, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zolemba zapolopolo. Ma polymer owonjezera omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku monomer propylene, amakhala olimba komanso osagwirizana ndi mitundu yambiri yama sol sol, besi ndi ma acid.

Mu 2013, msika wapadziko lonse wa polypropylene udali pafupifupi ma miliyoni 55 miliyoni.

Mayina
Dzina la IUPAC: mtundu (propene)
Mayina ena: Polypropylene; Polypropene; Polipropene 25 [USAN]; Ma polima a Propene; Ma polima a Propylene; 1-Propene
Odziwika
Nambala ya CAS	9003-07-0
Zida
Mankhwala a mankhwala	(C3H6)n
kachulukidwe	0.855 g / cm3, amorphous 0.946 g / cm3, kristalo
Mfundo yosungunula	130 mpaka 171 ° C (266 mpaka 340 ° F; 403 mpaka 444 K)
Pokhapokha ngati zanenedwa kwina, zambiri zimaperekedwa kuti zizipezeka mkhalidwe wamba (pa 25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 kPa).

Mankhwala ndi mphamvu

Polypropylene ili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi polyethylene, makamaka pamayankho ndi magetsi. Gulu lomwe lilipo la methyl limapangitsa kuti makina azisintha komanso azitha kutentha, pomwe kulimbana ndi mankhwala kumachepa. Katundu wa polypropylene amatengera kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu ndi magawidwe ake, crystallinity, mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa comonomer (ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito) ndi luso la iso.

mawotchi katundu

Kuchulukana kwa PP ndi pakati pa 0.895 ndi 0.92 g / cm³. Chifukwa chake, PP ndiye katundu pulasitiki ndi otsika kwambiri. Ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, mbali ndi kulemera pang'ono komanso mbali zambiri za pulasitiki ina itha kupangidwa. Mosiyana ndi polyethylene, zigawo zamakristali ndi amorphous zimasiyana pang'ono pakachulukana kwawo. Komabe, kachulukidwe ka polyethylene kamatha kusintha kwambiri ndi akatswiri.

Modulus ya Young ya PP ili pakati pa 1300 ndi 1800 N / mm².

Polypropylene nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba komanso yosinthika, makamaka ikaphatikizidwa ndi ethylene. Izi zimalola polypropylene kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pulasitiki yokonza, kupikisana ndi zida monga acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polypropylene ndiyachuma moyenera.

Polypropylene imatha kukana kutopa.

Mphamvu zamafuta

Kusungunuka kwa polypropylene kumachitika mosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake kusungunuka kumatsimikizika ndikupeza kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kosiyanitsa tchati cha calorimetry. Mwangwiro isotactic PP ili ndi malo osungunuka a 171 ° C (340 ° F). Commercial isotactic PP ili ndi malo osungunuka omwe amakhala pakati pa 160 mpaka 166 ° C (320 mpaka 331 ° F), kutengera atactic zakuthupi ndi crystallinity. Syndiotactic PP yokhala ndi crystallinity ya 30% imakhala ndi malo osungunuka a 130 ° C (266 ° F). Pansi pa 0 ° C, PP imakhala yopepuka.

Kukula kwamafuta kwa polypropylene ndikofunikira kwambiri, koma pang'ono pochepera pa polyethylene.

Chemical katundu

Polypropylene nthawi yayitali imagonjetsedwa ndi mafuta komanso pafupifupi zonse zosungunulira, kupatula ma oxidants olimba. Ma non-oxidizing acid ndi maziko amatha kusungidwa m'makina opangidwa ndi PP. Kutentha kwakukulu, PP imatha kuthetsedwa ndi ma solvents otsika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo xylene, tetralin ndi decalin). Chifukwa cha atomu yayikulu ya kaboni PP sichitsutsana ndi mankhwala kuposa PE (onani Malamulo a Markovnikov).

Ma polypropylene ambiri ogulitsa ndi isotactic ndipo ali ndi gawo laling'ono pakati pa polyethylene wocheperako (LDPE) ndi polyethylene wapamwamba kwambiri (HDPE). Isotactic & Atactic polypropylene imasungunuka mu P-xylene pa 140 degree centigrade. Isotactic imakhazikika pamene yankho litakhazikika mpaka 25 degree centigrade & gawo la atactic limasungunuka mu P-xylene.

Melt flow rate (MFR) kapena melt flow index (MFI) ndiyeso yama molekyulu a polypropylene. Muyeso wake umathandizira kudziwa momwe zosungunulira zosungunuka zimayendera mosavuta pokonza. Polypropylene wokhala ndi MFR wapamwamba amadzaza nkhungu za pulasitiki mosavuta panthawi yopanga jekeseni kapena kuwombera. Pamene kusungunuka kwa madzi kumachulukirachulukira, zina mwakuthupi, monga mphamvu yamphamvu, zimachepa. Pali mitundu itatu ya polypropylene: homopolymer, copolymer yosasintha, ndi block copolymer. Comonomer imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ethylene. Ethylene-propylene mphira kapena EPDM yowonjezeredwa ku polypropylene homopolymer imawonjezera mphamvu yake yotsika kutentha. Mosasintha polima ethylene monomer yowonjezeredwa ku polypropylene homopolymer imachepetsa polima wonyezimira, imachepetsa malo osungunuka ndikupangitsa polima kuwonekera kwambiri.

Kutsitsidwa

Polypropylene imatha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa unyolo chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kutentha kwa UV monga komwe kumawonekera padzuwa. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku atomu yayikulu ya kaboni yomwe ilipo mgulu lililonse lobwereza. Wopanda kusintha kwaulere amapangidwa apa, kenako amayankhanso mopitilira muyeso ndi mpweya, kenako ndikutsata kwa unyolo kuti apange ma aldehydes ndi carboxylic acid. Pakugwiritsa ntchito kwakunja, imawoneka ngati netiweki ya ming'alu yabwino ndi zopenga zomwe zimakhala zowopsa ndikukulira nthawi yowonekera. Pazogwiritsa ntchito kunja, zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera UV ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mpweya wakuda umatetezanso ku UV. Polima amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, vuto lomwe limachitika pakuwumba. Ma anti-oxidants amawonjezeredwa kuti athetse kuwonongeka kwa polima. Madera okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosakanikirana ndi nyemba zosakanikirana ndi wowuma awonetsedwa kuti amatha kuwononga polypropylene. Polypropylene akuti amayipitsidwa ali m'thupi la munthu ngati zida zopangira mauna. Zinthu zowonongekazo zimakhala ngati khungwa ngati mtengo pamwamba pa ulusi wa mauna.

Zowoneka bwino

PP itha kupangidwa ngati yopukutidwa koma osapangidwa bwino monga polystyrene, acrylic, kapena mapulasitiki ena. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala kapena yopaka utoto.

History

Akatswiri a zamagetsi a Phillips Petroleum J. Paul Hogan ndi Robert L. Banks adayamba kupanga makina opangira mafuta mu 1951. Propylene adayambitsidwa kupakidwa polima wa crystalline isotactic polymer ndi Giulio Natta komanso katswiri wamagetsi waku Germany Karl Rehn mu Marichi 1954. Kupeza kumeneku kwaupainiya kunadzetsa kugulitsa kwamitundu isotactic polypropylene ndi kampani yaku Italy Montecatini kuyambira 1957 mtsogolo. Syndiotactic polypropylene nayenso anapangidwa koyamba ndi Natta ndi ogwira nawo ntchito.

Polypropylene ndi pulasitiki yachiwiri yofunikira kwambiri yomwe ndalama zake zikuyembekezeka kupitilira US $ 145 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2019. Zogulitsa zinthuzi zikuwonetseratu kuti zikukula pa 5.8% pachaka mpaka 2021.

Chisudzo

Lingaliro lofunikira pakumvetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kapangidwe ka polypropylene ndi katundu wake ndi kusamala. Masanjidwe amtundu uliwonse wa methyl (CH
3 pachithunzichi) poyerekeza ndi magulu amethyl m'magulu oyandikana nawo amathandizira kwambiri polima kuti apange makhiristo.

Chothandizira cha Ziegler-Natta chimatha kuletsa kulumikizana kwa ma molekyulu a monomer kupita kumalo enaake, mwina isotactic, magulu onse a methyl atakhala mbali imodzi mokhudzana ndi msana wa unyolo wa polima, kapena syndiotactic, pomwe malo a magulu a methyl amasintha. Zogulitsa zotchedwa isotactic polypropylene zimapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya othandizira a Ziegler-Natta. Gulu loyamba lazinthu zophatikizira limaphatikizapo zolimbitsa (zolimba kwambiri) ndi mitundu ina yazitsulo zosungunuka zazitsulo. Ma macromolecule oterewa amapangika motere; helices kenako amafola pafupi wina ndi mnzake kuti apange makhiristo omwe amapatsa malonda isotactic polypropylene zambiri zofunika.

Mtundu wina wa zitsulo zophatikizira zitsulo zimapanga syndiotactic polypropylene. Ma macromolecules amenewa amalumikizananso ndi ma helmet (amtundu wina) ndikupanga zida zamakristali.

Pamene magulu a methyl mu polypropylene unyolo asakuwonetsa kutengera komwe amakonda, ma polima amatchedwa atactic. Atactic polypropylene ndi amorphous ruby ​​zinthu. Itha kupangidwa pamalonda ndi mtundu wapadera wa othandizira a Ziegler-Natta kapena ngati ndi zothandizira pazitsulo zazitsulo.

Zothandizira zamakono zothandizira Ziegler-Natta zopangidwira polymerization ya propylene ndi ma 1-alkenes opanga ma polote a isotactic nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa TiCl
4 monga yogwira pophika ndipo MgCl
2 monga chithandizo. Ma catalysts amakhalanso ndi ma organic modifiers, mwina aromatic acid esters ndi diesters kapena ethers. Zothandizira izi zimayambitsidwa ndi ma cocatalyst apadera omwe amakhala ndi gulu la organoaluminum monga Al (C₂H₅)₃ Mtundu wachiwiri wa kusinthitsa. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimasiyanitsidwa potengera njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga tizinthu toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku MgCl₂ kutengera mtundu wamankhwala osinthika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera chothandizira ndikugwiritsa ntchito poyambitsa ma polymerization. Makhalidwe awiri ofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zonse zothandizira ndizokolola kwambiri komanso kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka polistalline isotactic polima yomwe imatulutsa 70-80 ° C pansi pama polymerization. Kuphatikizana kwamalonda kwa isotactic polypropylene nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwina pakatikati pamagawo amadzimadzi kapena poyatsira gasi.

Malonda a syndiotactic polypropylene amachitika pogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu lapadera lazitsulo zazitsulo. Amagwiritsa ntchito milatho yazitsulo zopangira mtundu wa Bridge-(Cp₁) (Cp₂) ZrCl₂ pomwe Cp ligand yoyamba ndi gulu la cyclopentadienyl, gulu lachiwiri la Cp ndi gulu la fluorenyl, ndipo mlatho pakati pa magulu awiri a Cp ndi -CH₂-CH₂-,> SiMe₂, kapena> SiPh₂. Maofesi awa amasandulika kukhala othandizira pakulowetsa polowetsa ndi organoaluminum cocatalyst yapadera, methylaluminoxane (MAO).

Njira za mafakitale

Pachikhalidwe, njira zitatu zopangira ndi njira zoyimira kwambiri zopangira polypropylene.

Hydrocarbon slurry kapena kuyimitsidwa: Gwiritsani ntchito kanyumba kamadzimadzi hydrocarbon dionent poyendera kuti ipangitse kusamutsa kwa propylene ku chothandizira, kuchotsa kutentha kwa dongosolo, kuchotsa / kuchotsa kwa chothandizira komanso kusungunula polima ya atactic. Magawo omwe amakhoza kupangidwa anali ochepa. (Tekinoloje ija yagwiritsidwa ntchito).

Kuchuluka (kapena kuchuluka kwazitali): Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a phula m'malo mwa madzi obwera. Ma polima samasungunuka pang'ono, koma m'malo mwake amakwera pamtengo wamadzimadzi. Ma polima opangidwa amachotsedwa ndipo monomer iliyonse yosavomerezeka imayatsidwa.

Gawo lamagesi: Gwiritsani ntchito ma gaseous propylene polumikizana ndi chothandizira cholimba, chimapangitsa kuti pakhale madzi oundana.

opanga

Kusungunuka kwa polypropylene kumatha kupezeka kudzera muzowonjezera ndi kuumba. Njira zodziwikiratu zimaphatikizira kupanga ulusi wosungunuka komanso ulusi wopota kuti apange masikono azitali kuti asinthidwe mtsogolo kukhala zinthu zambiri zofunikira, monga maski amaso, zosefera, ma diapala ndi kupukuta.

Njira yodziwika bwino yokuumba jakisoni pakuumba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga zikho, zodulira, miphika, zipewa, zotengera, zowongolera nyumba, ndi magalimoto monga mabatire. Maluso okhudzana ndi kuwomba kukuumba ndi jakisoni-watambasula kuwunda amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zonse extrusion ndi kuumba.

Chiwerengero chambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza polypropylene nthawi zambiri chimatha chifukwa chokhoza kupanga magiredi apadera ndi zinthu zazowonjezera zamankhwala ndi zowonjezera munthawi yopanga. Mwachitsanzo, zowonjezera za antistatic zimatha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zithandizire polypropylene pamalo okana fumbi ndi litsiro. Njira zambiri zomalizira zolimbitsa thupi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa polypropylene, monga makina. Zochiritsira zakumaso zitha kupaka magawo a polypropylene kuti zithandizire kumatira kwa inki ndi penti yosindikiza.

Polypropylene wozungulira wakhalidwe (BOPP)

Filimu ya polypropylene ikaphatikizidwa ndikujambulidwa m'njira yolumikizira makina ndikuwongolera makinawo imatchedwa polypropylene wozungulira. Kuyang'ana pa Biaxial kumawonjezera mphamvu komanso kumveka bwino. BOPP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phukusi lakutulutsira zinthu monga zakudya zokhwasula-khwasula, zinthu zatsopano ndi confectionery. Ndikosavuta kuphimba, kusindikiza ndi kupopera lamphamvu kupereka mawonekedwe ofunikira ndi katundu wogwiritsa ntchito ngati chinyumba. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuti kutembenuka. Nthawi zambiri imapangidwa m'mipikisano ikuluikulu yomwe imalowetsedwa pamakina otsetsereka m'makina ang'onoang'ono kuti agwiritse ntchito pamakina onyamula.

Zochitika zachitukuko

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe amafunikira polypropylene quality m'zaka zaposachedwa, malingaliro ndi zopangika zosiyanasiyana zaphatikizidwa mu ntchito yopanga polypropylene.

Pali mayendedwe awiri ofunikira njira zina. Imodzi ndikusintha kwa kufanana kwa ma polomu opanga ma polymer omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi, ndipo ina ndikusintha kufanana pakati pa tinthu tomwe timapanga polima.

Mapulogalamu

Popeza polypropylene imalephera kutopa, mahinji ambiri opangira pulasitiki, monga omwe ali pamabotolo apamwamba, amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu izi. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mamolekyu amtambo amayang'ana mbali yonse ya dzanja lathunthu kuti akweze mphamvu.

Mapepala owonda kwambiri (~ 2-20 µm) a polypropylene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dielectric mkati mwa kugunda kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kutayika kwa RF ma capacitors.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi; zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuyeretsa kocheperako komanso zomwe zimapangidwira kulimba komanso kusasunthika (mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera madzi, kutenthetsera madzi ndi kuzirala, ndi madzi obwezeretsedwanso). Izi zimasankhidwa nthawi zambiri kuti zisawonongeke komanso kutayika kwa mankhwala, kupirira kwake kuwonongeka kwakuthupi, kuphatikiza kukhudzidwa ndi kuzizira, zabwino zake zachilengedwe, komanso kuthekera kophatikizana ndi kusakanikirana kwa kutentha m'malo momangirira.

Zinthu zambiri zapulasitiki zogwiritsidwa ntchito zachipatala kapena zasayansi zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku polypropylene chifukwa zimatha kupirira kutentha mu autoclave. Mphamvu yake yotentha imathandizanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zopangira ma ketulo ogula. Zakudya zopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo sizingasungunuke, koma osasungunuka mukamadzaza mafuta. Pazifukwa izi, machubu apulasitiki ambiri azinthu zamkaka amakhala osindikizidwa ndi polypropylene wosindikizidwa ndi zojambulazo za aluminiyamu (zonse zosagwiritsa ntchito kutentha). Katunduyo akadzazirala, timachuchuwo nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa lids zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosagwira moto wambiri, monga LDPE kapena polystyrene. Zotengera zotere zimapereka chitsanzo chabwino pa kusiyanasiyana kwa modulus, chifukwa kumva kotakasuka (kosalala, kosasunthika) kwa LDPE pokhudzana ndi polypropylene yamtundu womwewo kumawonekera mosavuta. Zopangira pulasitiki zokutira, zowoneka bwino, zosinthika mosiyanasiyana zopangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana kwa makasitomala osiyanasiyana monga Rubbermaid ndi Sterilite nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi polypropylene, ngakhale zingwe zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi LDPE yosinthika kotero kuti athe kuthawira ku chida kuti chitseke. Polypropylene itha kupangidwa m'mabotolo otayika kuti ikhale ndi madzi amadzimadzi, ophatikizika, kapena zinthu zofananira, ngakhale HDPE ndi polyethylene terephthalate zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mabotolo. Utoto wapulasitiki, mabatire agalimoto, mabotolo ochotsa zinyalala, mabotolo opangira mankhwala, zoziziritsa kukhosi, mbale ndi zotayira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi polypropylene kapena HDPE, zonse zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, kumva, ndi katundu pamtunda wozungulira.

Pulogalamu wamba ya polypropylene imakhala ndi polypropylene (BOPP) yodziwika bwino. Mapepala awa a BOPP amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo matumba omveka. Pamene polypropylene yoyendetsedwa bwino, imakhala yowonekera bwino ndipo imakhala chida chabwino kwambiri cholongedza zinthu zamaluso ndi zogulitsa.

Polypropylene, yojambula kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga matambula, ma rug ndi mphaka kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzingwe, zosiyana chifukwa ndizopepuka zokwanira kuyandama m'madzi. Kukula kofanana ndi kumanga, chingwe cha polypropylene chimafanana ndi chingwe cha poliyesitala. Polypropylene imakhala yotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi ulusi wina wambiri.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira ina ya polyvinyl chloride (PVC) monga kutchingira zingwe zamagetsi za chingwe cha LSZH m'malo okhala mpweya wokwanira, makamaka makontena. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti umatulutsa utsi wocheperako komanso mulibe ma halojeni oopsa, omwe angapangitse kuti asidi azitentha kwambiri.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwanso ntchito makamaka pakumata kwadenga ngati potchinga madzi pama system amodzi osakanikirana ndi machitidwe osinthidwa pang'ono.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga pulasitiki, momwe imalowetsedwa muchikombole pomwe imasungunuka, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ovuta pamtengo wotsika komanso wokwera kwambiri; Zitsanzo ndizophatikiza mabotolo, mabotolo, ndi zoyenera.

Itha kupangidwanso ngati pepala, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zikwatu, ma CD, ndi mabokosi osungira. Mitundu yayikulu, kukhazikika, mtengo wotsika, komanso kukana dothi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezera mapepala ndi zinthu zina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomata za Rubik's Cube chifukwa cha izi.

Kupezeka kwa mapepala a polypropylene kwapereka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo ndi opanga. Pulasitiki wopepuka, wolimba komanso wokongola amapanga njira yoyenera yopangira mawonekedwe owala, ndipo mapangidwe angapo adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo polumikizana kuti apange mapangidwe apamwamba.

Ma sheet a polypropylene ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino kwa okhometsa makadi ogulitsa; awa amabwera ndi zikwama (zisanu ndi zinayi zamakadi akulu kukula) kuti makhadi aziikidwamo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza momwe alili ndipo akuyenera kuti azisungidwa pachibowo.

Polypropylene (EPP) yowonjezereka ndi mawonekedwe ofumbwa a polypropylene. EPP ili ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri chifukwa chakuuma kwake kochepa; izi zimalola EPP kuyambiranso mawonekedwe ake pambuyo pazokhudza. EPP imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ndege zamagetsi ndi magalimoto ena oyendetsedwa ndi ma wayilesi opangira ma hobbyists. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kuyamwa zomwe zimapangitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa izi kukhala zofunikira kwa ndege za RC kwa oyamba ndi amateurs.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mayunitsi oyendetsa zokuzira mawu. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kunayambitsidwa ndi akatswiri pa BBC ndipo ufulu waumwini womwe unagulidwa ndi Mission Electronics kuti adzaugwiritse ntchito mu zokuzira mawu za Mission Freedom Loudspeaker ndi Mission 737 Renaissance.

Zipangizo za polypropylene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha konkriti kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kulimbana ndi kupindika. M'madera omwe atengeka ndi chivomerezi, mwachitsanzo, California, ulusi wa PP amawonjezeredwa ndi dothi kuti lithandizire kulimba ndi dothi pomanga maziko a nyumba monga nyumba, milatho, etc.

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ng'oma za polypropylene.

Zovala

Polypropylene ndi polima wamkulu yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma nonwovens, pomwe 50% imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matewera kapena zinthu zaukhondo momwe amathandizidwira kuyamwa madzi (hydrophilic) m'malo mochotsa madzi mwachilengedwe (hydrophobic). Ntchito zina zosangalatsa zosaluka zimaphatikizira zosefera za mpweya, gasi, ndi zakumwa momwe ulusi ungapangidwire kukhala ma sheet kapena ma webus omwe amatha kupukutidwa kuti apange makatiriji kapena zigawo zomwe zimasefa mosiyanasiyana mu 0.5 mpaka 30 micrometre. Ntchito zotere zimachitika m'nyumba monga zosefera madzi kapena zosefera zamtundu wa mpweya. Malo okwera kwambiri komanso oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens ndi oyamwa oyenera kutayikira mafuta ndi zotchinga zomwe zimayandama pafupi ndi kutayika kwamafuta pamitsinje.

Polypropylene, kapena 'polypro', yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo za nyengo yozizira, monga malaya ataliatali kapena zovala zamkati zazitali. Polypropylene imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovala zotentha, momwe zimatumizira thukuta kutali ndi khungu. Posachedwapa, polyester walowa m'malo polypropylene mu izi ntchito mu US asitikali, monga mu Mtengo wa ECWCS. Ngakhale zovala za polypropylene sizimayaka mosavuta, zimatha kusungunuka, zomwe zimatha kuyaka kwambiri ngati wovalayo akuchita kuphulika kapena moto wamtundu uliwonse. Zovala zamkati za polypropylene zimadziwika chifukwa chosunga fungo la thupi lomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa. Mbadwo wamakono wa polyester ulibe vuto ili.

Opanga mafashoni ena asintha polypropylene kuti apange miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingavalidwe.

Medical

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwachipatala kofala kwambiri pakupanga Prolene.

Polypropylene yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakumanga kwa hernia ndi pelvic organ prolapse organic kuteteza thupi ku hernias yatsopano pamalo omwewo. Chigoba chaching'ono chimayikidwa pamalo a chophukacho, pansi pa khungu, ndipo sichimapweteka ndipo kawirikawiri, ngati sichinatero, chikakanidwa ndi thupi. Komabe, ma mesh a polypropylene amatha kufafaniza minofu yowuzungulira kwakanthawi kambiri kuyambira masiku mpaka zaka. Chifukwa chake, a FDA adapereka machenjezo angapo pakugwiritsa ntchito ma polypropylene mesh medical kant ntchito zina mu pelvic organ prolapse, makamaka atayambitsidwa pafupi ndi khoma la nyini chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamatenda owongoleredwa ndi minyewa. pazaka zingapo zapitazi. Posachedwa, pa 3 Januware 2012, FDA idalamula opanga mauthengawa 35 kuti aphunzire zoyipa za zida izi.

Poyamba kuganiziridwa inert, polypropylene yapezeka ikuwonongeka ikadali m'thupi. Zinthu zowonongeka zimakhala ngati chipolopolo chokhala ngati ulusi wazomera ulusi ndipo chimayamba kusweka.

Ndege yamtundu wa EPP

Kuyambira 2001, mafupa otambalala a polypropylene (EPP) akhala akudziwika ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chomenyera ndege zoyeserera. Mosiyana ndi chithovu cha polystyrene (EPS) chomwe chimakhala chophweka ndipo chimatha mosavuta, chithovu cha EPP chimatha kuyamwa bwino popanda kuthyoka, chimasunga mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi, ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amakumbukidwe omwe amalola kuti ibwererenso mawonekedwe ake oyamba mu nthawi yochepa. Zotsatira zake, mtundu woyang'anira wailesi yomwe mapiko ake ndi fuselage amapangidwa kuchokera ku chithovu cha EPP ndiyolimba kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuyamwa zovuta zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa mitundu yopangidwa ndi zinthu zopepuka zachikhalidwe, monga balsa kapena mafupa a EPS. Mitundu ya EPP, yomwe ili ndi matepi otchipa otchipa omwe amadzipangira okha, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mphamvu zamagetsi, molumikizana ndi kupepuka komanso kumapeto komwe kumatsutsana ndi mitundu yazomwe tatchulazi. EPP imakhalanso yopanda mankhwala, yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito zomata zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana. EPP imatha kupangidwira kutentha, ndipo mawonekedwe amatha kumalizidwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodulira ndi mapepala abrasive. Madera ofunikira pakupanga mitundu momwe EPP idavomerezedwera ndi magawo a:

• Anthu okwera ngati otuluka mphepo
• Makina amagetsi amkati mwanyumba
• Dzanja linayambitsa zodyera ana aang'ono

M'munda wotsetsereka, EPP yapeza chisangalalo chachikulu ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito, chifukwa zimaloleza zomangamanga zoyendetsedwa ndi wailesi zamphamvu kwambiri ndikuwongolera. Zotsatira zake, machitidwe olimbana ndi otsetsereka (ochita nawo mpikisano okondana omwe amayesera kugogoda ndege zawo mlengalenga polumikizana mwachindunji) ndi kuthamanga kwa mapiri otsetsereka kwakhala ponseponse, chifukwa cha mphamvu zamphamvu za EPP.

Ntchito yomanga

Mpingo wapa tchalitchi ku Tenerife, La Laguna Cathedral, utakonzedwa mchaka cha 2002–2014, zidapezeka kuti mipanda yolumikizira nyumba inali m'malo oyipa. Chifukwa chake, magawo awa a nyumbayo adawonongeka, ndipo adasinthidwa ndi zomangamanga mu polypropylene. Izi zimanenedwa kuti ndi nthawi yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito zinthuzi pamlingo uwu.

yobwezeretsanso

Polypropylene imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndipo ili ndi nambala "5" yake nambala yodziwitsa.

Kukonza

Zinthu zambiri zimapangidwa ndi polypropylene ndendende chifukwa amapirira komanso kulimbana ndi zosungunulira zambiri ndi gluu. Komanso pali ma gluu ochepa kwambiri omwe amapezeka makamaka kwa gluing PP. Komabe, zinthu zolimba za PP zosagwirizana ndi kusintha kosakwanira zimatha kulumikizidwa mokwanira ndi gawo limodzi la epoxy kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti zotentha. Kukonzekera ndikofunikira ndipo nthawi zambiri kumathandizira kukhazikika pamtunda ndi fayilo, pepala la emery kapena zinthu zina zokometsera kuti mupatse gululo bwino. Komanso tikulimbikitsidwa kuyeretsa ndi mizimu ya mchere kapena mowa wofananawo musanayambe gluing kuti muchotse mafuta aliwonse kapena kuipitsidwa kulikonse. Kuyesa kwina kungafunikire. Palinso magulo ena azakampani omwe amapezeka ku PP, koma izi zimakhala zovuta kupeza, makamaka m'malo ogulitsa.

PP ikhoza kusungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowotcherera mwachangu. Ndikutulutsa mwachangu, wowotcherera pulasitiki, wofanana ndi chitsulo chosungunuka m'maonekedwe ndi madzi, amakhala ndi chubu chodyetsera cha ndodo ya pulasitiki. Kuthamanga kwachangu kumawotcha ndodo ndi gawo lapansi, pomwe nthawi yomweyo imakanikiza ndodo yowungunuka bwino. Mkanda wa pulasitiki wofewa umayikidwa palimodzi, ndipo mbali zake ndi fuseti ya ndodo ya weld. Ndi polypropylene, ndodo yosungunulira iyenera "kusakanikirana" ndi zinthu zosungunuka zomwe zimapangidwa kapena kukonzedwa. Chida chothamanga "mfuti" kwenikweni ndichitsulo chosungunula ndi nsonga yayitali, yolimba yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusungunula cholumikizira chophatikizira ndi zinthu zodzaza kuti apange mgwirizano.

Zokhudza thanzi

Environmental Working Group imayika PP kukhala yowopsa motsika pang'ono. PP idapangidwa utoto, palibe madzi omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito kupaka utoto, mosiyana ndi thonje.

Mu 2008, ofufuza ku Canada adanenanso kuti quaternary ammonium biocides ndi oleamide zimatuluka mu pulogalamu ina ya polypropylene, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zoyesa. Momwe polypropylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zingapo monga yogati, mtolankhani wa Health Canada a Paul Duchesne ati dipatimentiyo ikuunikanso zomwe zapezedwa kuti zione ngati pakufunika njira zoteteza ogula.