GOSI

GOSI (Achi Russia: GOST) amatanthauza dongosolo laukadaulo loyendetsedwa ndi Euro-Asia Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), bungwe loyang'anira mderalo lomwe likugwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi Commonwealth of Independent (CIS).

Miyezo yonse yoyendetsedwa imaphatikizidwa, ndi zitsanzo zochokera pamalangizo a kapangidwe ka zolemba ndi zosintha ndi zopatsa thanzi zamaina a mtundu wa Soviet (omwe tsopano ali ophatikizidwa, koma amangogulitsidwa kokha ngati zilembo zikatsatiridwa, kapena atasinthidwa ngati asinthidwa).

Lingaliro la GOST lili ndi tanthauzo komanso kuzindikirika m'maiko omwe ali ndiulamuliro. Bungwe la boma la Russia Rosstandart latero gost.ru monga adilesi ya webusayiti.

History

Miyezo ya GOST idakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la Soviet Union ngati njira imodzi yokhazikitsira dziko. Mawu oti GOST (aku Russia: GOST) ndichidule goalireza stndi Art (Achi Russia:pitaniсударственный stандарт), zomwe zikutanthauza stadadya stndi.

Mbiri ya miyezo ya dziko ku USSR ikhoza kuchitika kuyambira 1925, pomwe bungwe la boma, lomwe pambuyo pake linatchedwa Gosstandart, lidakhazikitsidwa ndikuyang'anira kulemba, kusinthitsa, kufalitsa, ndi kugawa mfundozi. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, dongosolo loyimira dziko lonse lidasinthika kwakukulu. Muyezo woyamba wa GOST, GOST 1 Dongosolo Lokhazikitsidwa ndi Boma, inasindikizidwa mu 1968.

Zomwezo

Pambuyo podzilekanitsa kwa USSR, miyezo ya GOST idatenga mkhalidwe watsopano wa miyezo yachigawo. Tsopano zikuperekedwa ndi Euro-Asia Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), bungwe lokhazikitsidwa ndi Commonwealth of Independent States.

Pakadali pano, kusonkhetsa miyezo ya GOST kumaphatikizapo maudindo opitilira 20,000 ogwiritsidwa ntchito mozama machitidwe owunikira mdziko 12. Kugwiritsa ntchito ngati gawo loyang'anira mapulogalamu aboma komanso mabungwe azokha m'magulu onse a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), miyezo ya GOST imakhudza mphamvu zamafuta, mafuta ndi gasi, kuteteza zachilengedwe, zomanga, zoyendetsa, kuyankhulana, migodi, kukonza chakudya, ndi mafakitale ena .

Mayiko otsatirawa atenga miyezo yonse kapena ina ya GOST kuwonjezera pa iwo, mayiko otsogola: Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, ndi Turkmenistan.

Chifukwa miyezo ya GOST imatengedwa ndi Russia, membala wamkulu kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri ku CIS, ndikulakwitsa kuganiza kuti miyambo ya GOST ndi malamulo adziko la Russia. Sali. Popeza Mtengo wa EASC, bungwe lomwe limayendetsa ntchito yokonza ndi kukonza miyezo ya GOST, imadziwika ndi ISO ngati bungwe la miyezo yazigawo, miyezo ya GOST imafotokozedwa ngati miyezo yachigawo. Miyezo yamayiko a Russia ndi CHOKHALA R miyezo.

Ukraine idakanda miyezo yake ya GOST (DSTU) mu Disembala 2015.

Miyezo YABWINO ndi mtundu waukadaulo

Chidule cha GOST (rus) (SUST) (eng) chimayimira State Union Standard. Kuchokera ku dzina lake timaphunzira kuti miyezo yambiri ya GOST ya Russian Federation idachokera nthawi ya Soviet Union. Kulenga ndi kukuza kwa Miyezo ya Union kunayamba mu 1918 atakhazikitsa njira zapadziko lonse zoyezera komanso zoyezera.

Bungwe loyamba lokhazikitsidwa lidakhazikitsidwa ndi Council of Labor and Defense mu 1925 ndipo lidatchedwa Committee for Standardization. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo ya OST. Miyezo yoyamba ya OST idapereka zofunikira pazitsulo ndi zitsulo zopera, mitundu yosankhidwa ya tirigu, ndi zinthu zingapo zogula.

Mpaka 1940 Zojambulajambula (Commissariats a People) anali atavomereza miyezo. Koma mchaka chimenecho Komiti Yoyimira Mgwirizano wa Union idakhazikitsidwa ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwake kudatumizidwanso pakupanga miyezo ya OST.

Mu 1968 dongosolo lokhazikika (SSS) likhala loyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Zinaphatikizaponso kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• GOST - State Standard ya Soviet Union;
• RST - Muyezo wa Republican;
• IST - Industrial Standard;
• STE - Muyeso wa Enterprise.

Mlingo wa chitukuko chaukadaulo komanso kufunikira kwa kakulidwe ndi kukhazikitsa njira zowerengera zambiri komanso zinthu zina zambiri zimayambitsa kupanga mitundu ya machitidwe ndi mitundu yayikulu ikuluikulu yaukadaulo. Amadziwika kuti ndi mafakitale opangira mafakitale. Mukadongosolo oyendetsera boma ali ndi mndandanda wawo ndipo SSS ili ndi index 1. Masiku ano njira zotsatirazi (mfundo za GOST) ndizovomerezeka:

• USCD - The Unform System of Constructor Documentation (index 2);
• USTD - The Unform System of Technological Documentation (3);
• SIBD - The System of Information-Bibliographical Documentation (7);
• SSM - Dongosolo La State Lopereka Kufanana Kwa Kuyeza (8);
• SSLS - The System of Standards of Labor Safety (12);
• USPD - The Unform System of Program Documentation (19);
• SSERTE - The System of Standards of Ergonomic Requirements and Technical Esthetic (29).

Makina a USCD ndi USTD amachitika mwapadera pakati pama kachitidwe ena ochita malonda. Zili zogwirizana ndipo zimapanga zofunika pazomwe zimalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane pamaukadaulo onse azachuma.

Ntchito yolumikizitsa miyezo ya Russia ndi miyezo ya GOST idakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 ndi Soviet Council of Minerals koyambirira kwaulendo wopita kukagulitsa chuma. Nthawi imeneyo adapanga malangizo oti kumvera miyezo ya GOST kungakhale koyenera kapena kovomerezeka. Zofunikira zomwe mukuyenera kuchita ndizomwe zimakhudzana ndi chitetezo, kutsatira kwa zinthu, kusamalira zachilengedwe komanso kusinthasintha. Lamulo la Boma la USSR lidaloleza kutsatira miyezo yadziko yomwe ikupezeka m'maiko ena, zofunikira mdziko lonse ngati zikwaniritsa zofunikira zachuma cha anthu.

M'zaka zapitazi miyezo yambiri ya GOST idapangidwa ndikuvomerezedwa. Masiku ano pali njira yowunikiranso kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pomwe maziko ake ndi machitidwe amayiko akunja a ISO, ku Russia adapanga miyezo yaku Russia monga GOST ISO 9001 kapena GOST ISO 14001, yomwe imathandizira kutukuka kwapadziko lonse lapansi koma amaganiziranso zenizeni za Russia.

Mndandanda wa miyezo yosankhidwa ya GOST

• GOSI 7.67: Nambala zamayiko
• GOST 5284-84: Tushonka (ng'ombe yamzitini)
• GOSI 7396: muyezo wama plugs amagetsi ndi zigawo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia komanso mu Commonwealth of States Independent
• GOSI 10859: Khalidwe la 1964 loyika makompyuta, limaphatikizapo zilembo zopanda ASCII / non-Unicode zofunika pokonza Mtengo wa ALGOL chinenero chamakono.
• MITU YA 16876-71: mulingo wa kumasulira kwachi Latin-Latin-Latin
• MITU YA 27974-88: Chilankhulo chamakalata ALGOL 68 - Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68
• MITU YA 27975-88: Chiyankhulo chamapulogalamu ALGOL 68 yowonjezera - Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный
• MITU YA 28147-89 letsa cipher- - Amangotchedwa kuti basi GOSI mu cryptography
• GOST 11828-86: Makina Oyendera Amagetsi
• GOST 2.109-73: Njira yolumikizira zolembedwa. Zofunikira pakapangidwe kazithunzi - Единая система конструкторской документации. Основные требования к чертежам
• GOST 2.123-93: Njira yolumikizira zolembedwa. Ma seti amalemba osindikizira ma mbale osindikizidwa - Единая система конструкторской документации. Комплектность конструкторских документов на печатные плаty
• GOST 32569-2013: Ukadaulo wa chitoliro chachitsulo. Zofunikira pakapangidwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe kake kazipangizo zowononga zachilengedwe komanso zowopsa - Трубопроводы технологические стальные. Требования к устройству и эксплуатации на взрывопожароопасных и химически опасных производствах
• GOST 32410-2013: Sitima zapamtunda zowononga ngozi zonyamula anthu. Zofunikira zaumisiri ndi njira zowongolera. - Крэш-системы аварийные железнодорожного подвижного состава для пассажирских перевозок. Технические требования и методы контроля

CHOKHALA R

Mbiri, dongosolo la GOST R lidachokera ku GOST system yomwe idapangidwa ku Soviet Union ndipo pambuyo pake idalandiridwa ndi CIS. Chifukwa chake, miyezo ya GOST imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko onse a CIS, kuphatikiza Russia pomwe miyezo ya GOST R ndi yovomerezeka mkati mwa gawo la Russian Federation.

Dongosololi likufuna kupatsa makasitomala chitetezo ndi mtundu wanji wazogulitsa ndi ntchito. Ufuluwu kwa kasitomala wachitetezo ndi mtundu wabwino umatsimikiziridwa ndi chitsimikiziro chokakamizidwa osati chokhacho komanso zopangidwa zakunja. Pangani zomwe zikulowa m'boma la Russia ndipo zikuyenera kukakamizidwa malinga ndi malamulo a Russian Federation ziyenera kukwaniritsa Dongosolo la satifiketi yaku Russia.

Mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Gosstandart ndizomwe zimawonekera pa www.gost.ru. Dongosolo lokhazikika la certification GOST R lakhala likugwira ntchito ku Russia kwazaka zambiri. Poyambira pake panali mitundu yonse. Nthawi yomweyo yogwira ntchito ku Russia yolowera ku WTO chinali chifukwa chokhazikitsira lamulo la federal "On technical Regulation" № 184--. Lamuloli lidapangidwa kuti ligwirizane ndi malamulo aku Russia ndi Europe mu gawo laukadaulo waluso.

Makina azitupa

Kulenga kwa ziphaso zamakalata ku Russia kumaperekedwa ndi Federal Law №184 "Pa Lamulo Lotsogola" Kufufuza zikugwirizana ndi zomwe kampaniyi ikufuna malinga ndi malamulo, miyezo, zolembera zamtundu wina ndi mitundu ina ya zinthu zikuwoneka kuti ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yoperekera chitetezo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazogulitsa anthu, chilengedwe ndi boma.

Malinga ndi FL № 184 dongosolo lililonse laumboni limaphatikizapo:

• Chigawo chapakati chachitetezo chomwe chimagwira ntchito m'mabungwe;
• Mabungwe othandizira omwe ayenera kutsimikizira kuthekera kwawo kuchita zochitika mwaukadaulo ndikupanga zikalata zoyeserera mu gawo lina la kuyesa kufanana. Ndi mabungwe okhazikitsidwa ndi chitupa okhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito zotere, ali ndi ufulu kuchita ntchito zotere;
• Ma labotor certification amachita mayeso ndi muyeso wa zizindikiro za chitetezo kapena mtundu wa zinthu zoyesedwa. Ma labotale oterowo ayenera kukhala ndi zida ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa bwino (komanso njira zoyeserera) kuti athe kuchita ntchito zake. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zonse kumatsimikiziridwa ndi Attestation of Authorization a labotale muntchito ina;
• Olembera pamalonda ndi eni mabizinesi kapena mabungwe azovomerezeka ku Russia (nthawi zina opanga zakunja), omwe akufuna kupita kukayesa njira zowunikira kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe kawo malinga ndi zofunikira zamalamulo kapena zina zofunikira za kachitidwe kovomerezeka (momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito) .

Pali zinthu zambiri zoyenera kutsimikizira (zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zopangira, makina oyang'anira, malo omanga, ndi zina). Chocheperako pang'ono ndi ndandanda ya zoopsa zomwe mungakumane nazo pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe mukuteteza ogula. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kasitifiketi ku Russia imafotokozedwa ndi zinthu ziwiri izi komanso ndi kufunitsitsa kwa mabungwe ena kuti afotokozere zomwe akufuna kuti awapulumutse.

Pali magulu awiri akulu akulu a satifiketi ku Russia: odzipereka komanso okakamiza. Kuchokera pamazina ndizodziwikiratu kuti kuwunika kwaumwini wazomwe zimafunikira dongosolo laumboni kumawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwa opanga onse aku Russia ndi zinthu zakunja.

Chitsimikizo chaumboni

Ndi boma la boma lokha lomwe lingapangitse dongosolo la certification la Russia. Dongosolo liyenera kudutsa munjira yakulembetsa boma. Rosstandart yomwe imayang'anira chiphatso ku Russia chonsecho imasunga machitidwe a RF certification. Mukangolandila Setifiketi yakulembetsa boma ndikulandila nambala yapadera yolembetsa, mutha kuchita zomwe mungayang'anire ngati dongosolo latsopano.

Pali machitidwe 16 a certification a Russia ku Russia:

• MITU YA R;
• Njira zoteteza chidziwitso malinga ndi zofunikira zachitetezo chazidziwitso;
• “Ntchito zamagetsi”;
• Kupanga kwa Geodesic, zojambulajambula ndi zojambula pamtunda;
• Pa zoyendetsa sitima yapamtunda;
• Njira zoteteza chidziwitso;
• Chitetezo pakupanga zophulika;
• Mu gawo la chitetezo chamoto;
• Njira zoteteza chidziwitso malinga ndi zofunikira zachitetezo;
• Sitima zapamadzi zapamadzi;
• Pamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege a RF;
• Maluso amlengalenga ndi zinthu zoyendera ndege;
• Ntchito zaluso;
• Pazida za nyukiliya, malo osungira zida zama radio;
• Njira zoteteza zidziwitso zomwe zimaphatikizapo chinsinsi cha boma;
• Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe.

Dongosolo la chitsimikizo la GOST R limakhala ndi machitidwe ena ocheperako. Dongosolo la chitsimikizo la GOST R limakhala ndi magulu 40 (XNUMX) malinga ndi mitundu yopanga homogeneous. Mwachitsanzo makina otsatirawa:

• Satifiketi yakuchipatala;
• Njira yotsimikiziridwa ndi mafuta;
• Njira yotsimikizirira mbale;
• Njira yotsimikizirira zida zamagetsi (SCE);
• Kachitidwe ka chitsimikiziro cha mayendedwe amakaniko ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ma trailer;
• Njira yotsimikizirira mpweya;
• Njira yotsimikizirira "SEPROCHIM" (mphira, asbestos) ndi ena ambiri.

Kuwongolera kwa katundu waboma mu gawo la malamulo aukadaulo, kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndikutsimikizira dongosolo la GOST R kumachitidwa ndi Rostechregulation (wakale Gosstandart) yemwe akuwoneka kuti Federal agency for technical regulation and metrology (tsopano ikutchedwa Rosstandart) . Bungwe loperekedwalo ndi gawo la bungwe la Ministry of Viwanda ndi Trade la RF.

Inakhala njira yoyamba komanso yayikulu kwambiri yodziwunikira ku Russia ndipo imakhudza magulu onse omwe amayesedwa malinga ndi malamulo a Federal Law “About rights of Consumers rights” ndipo imachitanso malamulo ena poganizira mitundu ina Katundu Wogulitsa masitifiketi okakamiza a GOST R amatanthauzanso njira yodzifunira ya GOST R chifukwa olembetsa kuti awunike mwakufuna kwawo azitsatira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dongosololi.

Chitupa chodzifunira

Nzika iliyonse ya ku Russia ikhoza kulembetsa kayendedwe kamtunduwu malinga ndi Lamulo. Mukupanga dongosolo muyenera kukhazikitsa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuwunikidwa mogwirizana ndi dongosolo lake, zizindikiritso ndi mawonekedwe malinga ndi chitsimikiziro chodzifunira, muyenera kupanga malamulo a dongosolo ndi dongosolo la malipiro a ntchitoyo. mu chitsimikiziro, ndipo muyenera kufotokozera omwe atenga nawo gawo la kuwunika kofananira.

Kulembetsa dongosolo laufulu wodzifunira ndiwofanana ndi njira yolembetsa dongosolo lokakamiza. Pankhani ya kukana, Rosstandart imatumiza kwa wofunsayo mafotokozedwe a zifukwa zomwe pulogalamu yatsopanoyo singalembetsedwe. Masiku ano pali mitundu yopitilira 130 ya ziphaso zomwe zidalowa mu njira yolembetsa.

Nazi zitsanzo za chitsimikiziro chodzipereka:

• Zipangizo zomangira "Rosstroisertificazia";
• Ogwira ntchito ndi nyumba - "Roszhilkommunsertifikazia";
• Njira zakuchinjiriza kwa chidziwitso cha cryptographic;
• Kupanga kwa Gosstandart ku Russia;
• Kupanga ndi makina otetezera makina abwino - "Oboronsertifika";
• Chitsimikizo cha chakudya "HAASP";
• Kupanga malasha;
• Zodzikongoletsera (machitidwe angapo mumgawo wopatsidwa wokhala ndi mayina osiyanasiyana;
• Zipangizo zothandizira za Bio - "BOSTI";
• Ntchito mu gawo la malonda;
• Kuwunika kwa zinthu zaluntha;
• Matekinoloje azidziwitso - "SSIT".

Makina othandizira anthu odzipereka

• Mafuta ndi zovuta zamagetsi (The System "Teksert");
• Zida zamagetsi zamafuta zamafuta "Neftegaz";
• Kupanga ndi ntchito "Technosert";
• GAZPROMSERT;

Dongosolo la dziko la certification

• Ntchito zogulitsa ku Moscow;
• Ntchito zamalonda "Tulasert";
• Ntchito zamaofesi amagetsi ndi maofesi ku Moscow;
• Ntchito zamafuta ku Chigawo cha Moscow;
• Ntchito zogulitsa zogulitsa mu Dera la Sakhalin;
• Ntchito zogulitsa zogulitsa ku Republic of Sakha (Yakutia);
• Ntchito zamaofesi amagetsi ndi maofesi a Urals Region "URALSERT-AZS";
• Ntchito zogulitsa zogulitsa ku St. Petersburg ndi ena.